Linguistics for Non-Linguists Pearson New International Edition: A Primer with Exercises (Paperback, 5th)

Preface ix

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1

CHAPTER TWO: Pragmatics 4
IMPLICATURE 5
Conversational Maxims 5
SPEECH ACTS 7
A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts 8
Felicity Conditions 9
Explicit versus Nonexplicit Illocutionary Acts 11
Direct versus Indirect Illocutionary Acts 13
Expressed versus Implied Locutionary Acts 16
Literal versus Nonliteral Locutionary Acts 18
Overview of Speech Act Theory 19
SUMMARY 21
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 21
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 21
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 24

CHAPTER THREE: Semantics 26
BACKGROUND 27
SENSE 29
REFERENCE 34
TRUTH 38
SUMMARY 43
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 44
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 44
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 46

CHAPTER FOUR: Syntax 47
CATEGORIES 48
LEFT-TO-RIGHT ORDERING 49
CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE 53
X-BAR SYNTAX 60
TRANSFORMATIONS 63
Movement 65
Constraints on Movement 69
SUMMARY 72
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 72
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 72
EXPLORATORY EXERCISE 78

CHAPTER FIVE : Morphology 79
MORPHEMES 80
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL MORPHEMES 82
FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES 82
INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES 83
Inflectional Affixes 83
Derivational Affixes 88
Differences between Types of Affixes 89
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES 93
SUMMARY 95
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 95
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 96
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 98

CHAPTER SIX: Phonology 99
VOCAL TRACT 100
SEGMENTS 101
PHONEMIC ALPHABET 102
Vowels 102
Consonants 105
LEVELS OF REPRESENTATION 110
PHONOLOGICAL RULES 113
Aspiration 113
Vowel Lengthening 115
Vowel Nasalization 116
Flapping 118
Rule Ordering 119
SUMMARY 121
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 122
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 122
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 125

CHAPTER SEVEN: Language Processing 127
SENTENCE-LEVEL PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING 127
Resolving Syntactic Ambiguity 128
Resolving Ambiguous Pronoun Reference 130
Understanding Negative Sentences 131
Processing Passive Sentences 133
Processing Complex Sentences 134
Processing Heavy NPs 135
DISCOURSE-LEVEL PHENOMENA IN LANGUAGE PROCESSING 136
Readability 136
Schemata and Scripts 137
Cohesion 138
Thematic Roles 140
The Given-New Contract 141
Reading between the Lines 143
SUMMARY 144
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 145
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 145
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 146

CHAPTER EIGHT: LANGUAGE VARIATION 148
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS, LANGUAGES, DIALECTS, AND IDIOLECTS 149
REGIONAL VARIATION 150
Regional Lexical Variation 154
Regional Phonological Variation 157
SOCIAL VARIATION 161
Nonstandard Phonological Variation 163
Nonstandard Morphological Variation 167
Nonstandard Syntactic Variation 169
LANGUAGE AND GENDER 175
Gender as a Social Variable 175
Gender Patterns within Standard English 176
STYLISTIC VARIATION 179
Stylistic Lexical Variation 180
Stylistic Phonological Variation 180
Stylistic Morphological Variation 181
Stylistic Syntactic Variation 181
SUMMARY 182
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 183
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 183
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 186

CHAPTER NINE: LANGUAGE CHANGE 189
BACKGROUND 189
SEMANTIC CHANGE 191
SYNTACTIC CHANGE 193
Word Order Typology 193
Rule Change 194
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE 197
PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE 200
CAUSES OF CHANGE 201
SUMMARY 202
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 202
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 203
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 204

CHAPTER TEN: FIRST-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 205
PRELINGUISTIC STAGES 206
LINGUISTIC STAGES 208
Acquisition of Phonology 209
Acquisition of Morphology 214
Acquisition of Syntax 218
Acquisition of Semantics 225
ISSUES IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 229
Nativism and Empiricism 229
Language-Specific and General Cognitive Capacities 231
Chomsky's Position 231
SUMMARY 237
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 237
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 238
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 242

CHAPTER ELEVEN: SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 243
ISSUES IN SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 244
Interlanguage Theory 244
Language Transfer 244
Other Linguistic Factors 245
PATTERNS IN SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 249
Phonology 249
Morphology 251
Syntax 253
Semantics 255
NON-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCES ON SECOND-LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 257
SUMMARY 259
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 259
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 260
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 263

CHAPTER TWELVE: WRITTEN LANGUAGE 264
WRITING SYSTEMS 264
THE ENGLISH SPELLING SYSTEM 270
Reasons for Inconsistency in English Spelling 271
English Spelling and Morphophonemics 272
ANALYZING ERRORS IN WRITTEN ENGLISH 273
Phonology and Spelling 273
Morphology and Writing 276
SUMMARY 277
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 277
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 278
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 279

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE NEUROLOGY OF LANGUAGE 280
ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 281
Lobes 283
Convolutions and Fissures 283
Broca's Area 284
Wernicke's Area 285
Supplementary Motor Cortex 286
HEMISPHERICAL SPECIALIZATION 287
Left-Hemisphere Dominance for Language 287
Left Brain versus Right Brain 291
Handedness 293
APHASIA 294
SUMMARY 299
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 299
SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES 300
EXPLORATORY EXERCISES 303


References 305
Glossary 313
Answers to Selected Exercises 333
Author Index 341
Subject Index 343