Methods in Ecosystem Science (Paperback, Softcover Repri)

'Methods in Ecosystem Science: Progress, Tradeoffs, and Limitations.- References.- 1. Carbon and Energy Dynamics.- 1 Stand Structure in Terrestrial Ecosystems.- Methodological Approaches.- Models of Canopy Architecture.- Remote Sensing Instrumentation for Indirect Methods.- Portable Ground Instruments.- Aerial Remote Sensing.- Approaches for Estimating Stand Structure.- Canopy Height.- Vertical Foliar Distribution.- Stand Density.- Cover and Leaf Area.- Biomass.- Three-Dimensional Structure.- References.- 2 Methods of Estimating Aboveground Net Primary Productivity.- Methods to Estimate ANPP in Fast Turnover Ecosystems.- Estimates of Aboveground Biomass.- Methods to Estimate ANPP in Slow Turnover Ecosystems.- Errors Associated with Estimates of ANPP.- Optimal Methodology to Estimate ANPP.- Summary.- References.- 3 Global Terrestrial Gross and Net Primary Productivity from the Earth Observing System.- Theoretical Basis for the Algorithm for Global NPP.- Relating NPP and APAR.- Relating APAR and NDVI.- Biophysical Variability of ?.- Parameterization of ? with Global BIOME-BGC Simulations.- Algorithm Implementation Logic in EOS.- Satellite-Derived Input Variables.- Final NPP Algorithm.- Validation of Global NPP.- Summary.- References.- 4 Methods of Estimating Belowground Net Primary Production.- Concepts.- Methods.- Biomass.- Ingrowth Cores.- Isotopes.- Carbon Balance.- Nitrogen Balance.- Minirhizotrons.- Uncertainty in Estimates of BNPP.- Summary.- References.- 5 The Measurement of Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems.- Light and Dark Bottle Oxygen Technique.- Carbon-14 Technique.- Problems and Challenges with Light and Dark Bottle and Carbon-14 Techniques.- In Situ Diel Approaches.- Remote Sensing Techniques.- References.- 6 Benthic Respiration in Aquatic Sediments.- Total Benthic Mineralization, Flux Measurements.- Other Total Mineralization Assays.- Respiratory Pathways, Oxygen Respiration.- Nitrate Reduction.- Manganese and Iron Reduction.- Sulfate Reduction.- Methanogenesis.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Decomposition and Soil Organic Matter Dynamics.- Plant Litter Decomposition.- Fine Litter Decomposition Rates.- Woody Detritus.- Reciprocal Transplants and Standard Substrates.- Soil Organic Matter Dynamics.- Soil Organic Matter Stores.- Physical Fractionation of Soil Organic Matter.- Biological Soil Organic Matter Fractions.- Use of Tracers.- References.- 8 Stable Isotope Tracers and Mathematical Models in Soil Organic Matter Studies.- Soil Organic Matter Pools and Dynamics.- SOM Pools.- SOM Additions.- SOM Losses.- Internal SOM Transfers.- SOM Transformations.- Stable Carbon Isotopes in Organic Matter.- Well-Mixed One Box Model of C Isotopes in SOM.- Uses of Well-Mixed Box Models in SOM C Studies.- Models for Vertical Variations in the ?13C Value of SOM.- Stable Nitrogen Isotopes in Organic Matter.- Well-Mixed One Box Soil Ecosystem Model of N Isotopes.- Use of N Isotopes in SOM as a Tracer.- Model of Vertical Variations in ?15N Value of SOM.- Conclusions.- References.- 9 Microbial Carbon Cycling in Pelagic Ecosystems: Microbial Methods for Ecosystem Scientists.- Abundance and Biomass.- Epifluorescent Direct Count.- Sample Preservation.- Count by Flow Cytometry.- Active and Inactive Cells.- Cell Size and Biomass.- Growth and Respiration of Planktonic Bacteria.- Bacterial Secondary Production.- Bacterial Respiration.- Uptake and Turnover of Specific Substrates.- Substrates Supporting Bacterial Growth.- Conclusions.- References.- 10 Herbivory in Terrestrial Ecosystems.- Consumption.- Animal-Based Methods.- Plant-Based Methods.- Differential Use of the Two Approaches.- Effect of Herbivores on Primary Production.- Compensatory Growth.- Approaches.- References.- 2. Nutrient and Water Dynamics.- 11 Canopy Fluxes.- The Canopy Scale.- The Surface Boundary Layer.- Net Ecosystem Exchange.- Flux Footprint.- Methodologies.- Aerodyna