Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples (Hardcover, 1994)

Air-Sea Exchanges and Meridional Fluxe.- 1. Air-sea exchanges.- 1.1 Momentum transfer.- 1.2 Mass transfer.- 1.3 The heat flux.- 1.4 Density flux.- 2. Meridional heat transport.- 2.1 Error estimates.- 2.2 Ocean fresh water transport.- 3. Conclusion.- Lagrangian and Eulerian Measurements of Ocean Transport Processe.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks.- 2.1 Eulerian-average equations.- 2.2 Lagrangian-average equations.- 2.3 Comparing the reference frames.- 3. Transport measures from current followers.- 3.1 Measures of stirring and dispersion.- 3.2 Describing tracer evolution.- 4. Ocean measurements of lateral transport.- 4.1 Taylor diffusivity.- 4.2 Particle separation.- 4.2 Mean velocity sampling errors.- 4.4 Mean velocity biases.- 5. Diapycnal fluxes.- 5.1 Large-scale budgets.- 5.2 The Osborn-Cox model.- 5.3 Sampling dissipation.- Dispersion and Mixing in the Ocea.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Parameterisation.- 1.2 Sensitivity analysis.- 1.3 Spectral gap.- 1.4 Three approaches.- 2. Inference.- 2.1 Abyssal basin budgets.- 2.2 The Mediterranean salt tongue.- 2.3 Inverse theories.- 3. Direct measurement.- 3.1 Eddy correlation.- 3.2 Particle dispersion.- 3.3 Relative dispersion.- 3.4 Drifters or dye.- 4. Indirect measurements.- 4.1 Microstructure.- 4.2 Overturns.- 4.3 Shear.- 5. Processes.- 6. Conclusions.- 6.1 Eddy resolving general circulation models.- 6.2 General circulation models.- 7. Discussion.- Ocean Models in Climate Problem.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1 Active and passive roles of the ocean in the climate system.- 1.2 Multiple equilibria of the thermohaline circulation.- 1.3 Mixed thermohaline boundary conditions.- 1.4 Outline of this lecture.- 2. Feedbacks affecting the thermohaline circulation.- 3. Large-scale air-sea heat exchanges.- 3.1 Does the ocean drive the atmosphere, or the atmosphere the ocean.- 3.2 A conceptual model.- 4. Interaction of the hydrological cycle with the thermohaline circulation.- 5. Numerical models of the thermohaline circulation.- 5.1 Which equilibria are possible.- 5.2 Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation.- 5.3 Alternative thermal boundary conditions in numerical models.- 6. Summary and outlook: towards coupled process models.- Sensitivity Studies on the Role of the Ocean in Climate Chang.- 1. Introduction - CME results on thermohaline overturning.- 2. The surface heat and fresh water flux parameterizations.- 3. A basic experiment.- 4. Sensitivity experiments.- 5. Multiple stable states.- 6. Open boundary conditions.- 7. Discussion.- Modeling the Wind and Thermohaline Circulation in the North Atlantic Ocea.- 1. Introduction - the Community Modeling Effort.- 1.1 Model configuration.- 1.2 Results.- 2. Improving surface boundary conditions.- 3. Open boundary conditions for the CME model.- 4. Internal parameterizations for the CME model.- 5. Discussion.- Studying Thermohaline Circulation in the Ocean by Means of Transient Tracer Dat.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tracer features and geochemistry.- 3. Information from oceanic tracer distribution.- 3.1 Spreading and pathways.- 3.2 Process information and low-order models.- 4. Tracer evaluation by means of ocean circulation models.- 4.1 System analysis models.- 4.2 Ocean general circulation models.- 5. Conclusions.- Laboratory and Numerical Experiments in Oceanic Convectio.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The influence of the Earth's rotation on the convective process.- 2.1 Thermale with background rotation.- 2.2 Controlling non-dimensional parameters.- 3. A laboratory analogue of a convecting chimney.- 4. Scaling ideas.- 4.1 The convection layer.- 4.2 The geostrophically adjusted end state.- 4.3 Interpretation of ice experiment.- 4.4 Oceanographic parameters.- 5. Numerical illustrations.- 5.1 Convection in a neutral ocean.- 5.2 Convection in a stratified ocean.- 6. Summary and discussion.- Open Ocean Deep Convection, Mediterranean and Greenland Sea.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Gulf of Lions, Northwestern Mediterranean.- 2.1 Preconditio