Combustion and Gasification in Fluidized Beds (Hardcover)

INTRODUCTION
Background
Fluidized Bed Equipment
Features of Fluidized Beds
Fluidized Bed and Other Clean Coal Options
HYDRODYNAMICS
Regimes of Fluidization
Fast Fluidized Bed
Hydrodynamic Regimes in a CFB
Hydrodynamic Structure of Fast Beds
Gas?Solid Mixing
Scale-Up
FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION
Types of Gasifiers
Theory
Effect of Operating Parameters on Gasification
Effect of Feed Properties on Gasification
Fluidized Bed Gasification
Examples of Some Fluidized Bed Gasifiers
Gas Cleaning
Design Methods
Modeling of Fluidized Bed Gasification
Appendix 3A: Estimating Equilibrium Gas Composition
Appendix 3B: An Example of a Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasifier
COMBUSTION
Stages of Combustion
Factors Affecting Combustion Efficiency
Combustion in Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers
Combustion in Circulating Fluidized Bed Boilers
Biomass Combustion
EMISSIONS
Air Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide Emission
Nitrogen Oxide Emission
Nitrous Oxide Emission
Mercury Emission
Carbon Monoxide Emission
Carbon Dioxide Emission
Emission of Trace Organics
Particulate Emission
HEAT TRANSFER
Gas-to-Particle Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer in Circulating Fluidized Beds
Heat Transfer in Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Freeboard Heat Transfer in Bubbling Fluidized Beds
Heat Transfer in Commercial-Size CFB Boilers
BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
Description of a BFB Boiler
Features of BFB Boilers
Thermal Design of Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boilers
Combustion in Bubbling Fluidized Bed
Furnace Design
Start-Up Procedure and Control
Some Operational Problems and Remedies
Design of Feed Systems for BFB Bed Boiler
CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILER
General Arrangement
Types of CFB Boilers
Non-CFB Solid Circulation Boilers
Combustion in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Furnace
Design of CFB Boilers
Furnace Design
Design of Heating Surfaces
Auxiliary Power Consumption
Control of CFB Boilers
Supercritical CFB Boiler
MATERIAL ISSUES
Material Selection Criteria
Erosion Potential
Corrosion Potentials
Steels Used in Fluidized Bed Boilers
Refractory and Insulations
Expansion Joints
SOLID HANDLING SYSTEMS FOR FLUIDIZED BEDS
Solid Handling Systems
Biomass Handling Systems
Feed System for Bubbling Beds
Feed System for Circulating Fluidized Beds
Design of Pneumatic Transport Lines for Solids
AIR DISTRIBUTION GRATE
Distributor Plates
Operation of Distributors
Design Methods
Practical Considerations
GAS?SOLID SEPARATORS
Cyclones
Impact Separator
Inertial Separators
SOLID RECYCLE SYSTEMS
Types of Non-mechanical Valves
Principles of Operation
Design of Loop-Seal
Design of L-Valve
Practical Considerations
Nomenclature
References
APPENDIX 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID PARTICLES
APPENDIX 2: STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
APPENDIX 3: SIMPLIFIED MODEL FOR SULFUR CAPTURE
APPENDIX 4: TABLES OF DESIGN DATA