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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 기술공학 > 기술공학 > 마이크로파
· ISBN : 9781118449752
· 쪽수 : 1200쪽
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Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1 RF/Microwave Systems 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Maxwell's equations 12
1.3 Frequency bands, modes, and waveforms of operation 12
1.4 Analog and digital signals 16
1.5 Elementary functions 25
1.6 Basic RF transmitters and receivers 31
1.7 RF wireless/microwave/millimeter wave applications 33
1.8 Modern CAD for nonlinear circuit analysis 37
1.9 Dynamic Load Line 37
2 Lumped and Distributed Elements 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Transition from RF to Microwave Circuits 43
2.3 Parasitic E_ects on Lumped Elements 46
2.4 Distributed Elements 54
2.5 Hybrid Element: Helical Coil 55
v
vi CONTENTS
3 Active Devices 61
3.1 Microwave Transistors 61
3.1.1 Transistor Classi_cation 61
3.1.2 Bipolar Transistor Basics 63
3.1.3 GaAs and InP Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 77
3.1.4 SiGe HBTs 90
3.1.5 Field-E_ect Transistor Basics 95
3.1.6 GaN, GaAs, and InP HEMTs 106
3.1.7 MOSFETs 112
3.1.8 Packaged Transistors 130
3.2 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Low-Noise
Ampli_cation 134
3.3 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Oscillator Design 138
3.4 Example: Selecting Transistor and Bias for Power Ampli_cation 141
3.4.1 Biasing HEMTs 143
3.4.2 Biasing HBTs 145
4 Two-Port Networks 153
4.1 Introduction 153
4.2 Two-Port Parameters 154
4.3 S Parameters 163
4.4 S Parameters from SPICE Analysis 164
4.5 Mason Graphs 165
4.6 Stability 168
4.7 Power Gains, Voltage Gain, and Current Gain 171
4.7.1 Power Gain 171
4.7.2 Voltage Gain and Current Gain 177
4.7.3 Current Gain 178
4.8 Three-Ports 179
4.9 Derivation of Transducer Power Gain 182
4.10 Di_erential S Parameters 184
4.10.1 Measurements 186
4.10.2 Example 187
4.11 Twisted-Wire Pair Lines 187
4.12 Low-Noise and High-Power Ampli_er Design 190
4.13 Low-Noise Ampli_er Design Examples 193
5 Impedance Matching 209
5.1 Introduction 209
5.2 Smith Charts and Matching 209
5.3 Impedance Matching Networks 217
CONTENTS vii
5.4 Single-Element Matching 217
5.5 Two-Element Matching 219
5.6 Matching Networks Using Lumped Elements 220
5.7 Matching Networks Using Distributed Elements 221
5.7.1 Twisted-Wire Pair Transformers 221
5.7.2 Transmission Line Transformers 223
5.7.3 Tapered Transmission Lines 224
5.8 Bandwidth Constraints for Matching Networks 225
6 Microwave Filters 241
6.1 Introduction 241
6.2 Low-Pass Prototype Filter Design 242
6.2.1 Butterworth Response 242
6.2.2 Chebyshev Response 245
6.3 Transformations 247
6.3.1 Low-Pass Filters: Frequency and Impedance Scaling 247
6.3.2 High-Pass Filters 250
6.3.3 Bandpass Filters 251
6.3.4 Narrow-Band Bandpass Filters 255
6.3.5 Band-Stop Filters 259
6.4 Transmission Line Filters 260
6.4.1 Semilumped Low-Pass Filters 263
6.4.2 Richards Transformation 266
6.5 Exact Designs and CAD Tools 274
6.6 Real-Life Filters 275
6.6.1 Lumped Elements 275
6.6.2 Transmission Line Elements 275
6.6.3 Cavity Resonators 275
6.6.4 Coaxial Dielectric Resonators 276
6.6.5 Thin-Film Bulk-Wave Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) 276
7 Noise in Linear and Nonlinear Two-Ports 281
7.1 Introduction 281
7.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 283
7.3 Noise Figure Measurements 285
7.4 Noise Parameters and Noise Correlation Matrix 286
7.4.1 Correlation Matrix 287
7.4.2 Method of Combining Two-Port Matrix 288
7.4.3 Noise Transformation Using the [ABCD] Noise
Correlation Matrices 288
7.4.4 Relation Between the Noise Parameter and [CA] 289
viii CONTENTS
7.4.5 Representation of the ABCD Correlation Matrix in
Terms of Noise Parameters [13]: 290
7.4.6 Noise Correlation Matrix Transformations 291
7.4.7 Matrix De_nitions of Series and Shunt Element 292
7.4.8 Transferring All Noise Sources to the Input 292
7.4.9 Transformation of the Noise Sources 294
7.4.10 ABCD Parameters for CE, CC, and CB Con_gurations 294
7.5 Noisy Two-Port Description 295
7.6 Noise Figure of Cascaded Networks 301
7.7 Inuence of External Parasitic Elements 303
7.8 Noise Circles 305
7.9 Noise Correlation in Linear Two-Ports Using Correlation
Matrices 309
7.10 Noise Figure Test Equipment 312
7.11 How to Determine Noise Parameters 313
7.12 Noise in Nonlinear Circuits 314
7.12.1 Noise sources in the nonlinear domain 316
7.13 Transistor Noise Modeling 319
7.13.1 Noise modeling of bipolar and heterobipolar transistors 320
7.13.2 Noise Modeling of Field-e_ect Transistors 332
7.14 Bibliography 342
8 Small- and Large-Signal Ampli_er Design 347
8.1 Introduction 347
8.2 Single-Stage Ampli_er Design 349
8.2.1 High Gain 349
8.2.2 Maximum Available Gain and Unilateral Gain 350
8.2.3 Low-Noise Ampli_er 357
8.2.4 High-Power Ampli_er 359
8.2.5 Broadband Ampli_er 360
8.2.6 Feedback Ampli_er 362
8.2.7 Cascode Ampli_er 364
8.2.8 Multistage Ampli_er 370
8.2.9 Distributed Ampli_er and Matrix Ampli_er 371
8.2.10 Millimeter-Wave Ampli_ers 376
8.3 Frequency Multipliers 376
8.3.1 Introduction 376
8.3.2 Passive Frequency Multiplication 377
8.3.3 Active Frequency Multiplication 378
8.4 Design Example of 1.9-GHz PCS and 2.1-GHz W-CDMA
Ampli_ers 380
8.5 Stability Analysis and Limitations 384
CONTENTS ix
8.6 Problems 391
9 Power Ampli_er Design 393
9.1 Introduction 393
9.2 Characterizing transistors for power-ampli_er design 396
9.3 Single-Stage Power Ampli_er Design 402
9.4 Multistage Design 408
9.5 Power-Distributed Ampli_ers 417
9.6 Class of Operation 433
9.6.1 Optimizing Conduction Angle 437
9.6.2 Optimizing Harmonic Termination 446
9.6.3 Analog Switch-Mode Ampli_ers 451
9.7 E_ciency and Linearity Enhancement PA Topologies 456
9.7.1 The Doherty Ampli_er 456
9.7.2 Outphasing Ampli_ers 460
9.7.3 Kahn EER and Envelope Tracking Ampli_ers 462
9.8 Digital Microwave Power Ampli_ers (class-D/S) 473
9.8.1 Voltage-Mode Topology 475
9.8.2 Current-Mode Topology 480
9.9 Power Ampli_er Stability 487
10 Oscillator Design 499
10.1 Introduction 499
10.2 Compressed Smith Chart 502
10.3 Series or Parallel Resonance 506
10.4 Resonators 507
10.4.1 Dielectric Resonators 508
10.4.2 YIG Resonators 512
10.4.3 Varactor Resonators 517
10.4.4 Ceramic Resonators 518
10.4.5 Coupled Resonator 519
10.4.6 Resonator Measurements 525
10.5 Two-Port Oscillator Design 531
10.6 Negative Resistance From Transistor Model 535
10.7 Oscillator Q and Output Power 547
10.8 Noise in Oscillators: Linear Approach 550
10.8.1 Leeson's Oscillator Model 550
10.8.2 Low-Noise Design 557
10.9 Analytic Approach to Optimum Oscillator Design Using
S Parameters 568
10.10 Nonlinear Active Models for Oscillators 583
x CONTENTS
10.10.1 Diodes with Hyperabrupt Junction 584
10.10.2 Silicon Versus Gallium Arsenide 585
10.10.3 Expressions for gm and Gd 587
10.10.4 Nonlinear Expressions for Cgs, Ggf , and Ri 590
10.10.5 Analytic Simulation of I{V Characteristics 591
10.10.6 Equivalent-Circuit Derivation 591
10.10.7 Determination of Oscillation Conditions 591
10.10.8 Nonlinear Analysis 594
10.10.9 Conclusion 596
10.11 Oscillator Design Using Nonlinear Cad Tools 596
10.11.1 Parameter Extraction Method 600
10.11.2 Example of Nonlinear Design Methodology: 4-GHz
Oscillator{ Ampli_er 604
10.11.3 Conclusion 610
10.12 Microwave Oscillators Performance 610
10.13 Design of an Oscillator Using Large-Signal Y Parameters 614
10.14 Example for Large-Signal Design Based on Bessel Functions 617
10.15 Design Example for Best Phase Noise and Good Output Power 622
10.16 A Design Example for a 350MHz _xed frequency Colpitts
Oscillator 630
10.16.1 1/f Noise: 644
10.17 2400 MHz MOSFET-Based Push{Pull Oscillator 645
10.17.1 Design Equations 647
10.17.2 Design Calculations 652
10.17.3 Phase Noise 653
10.18 CAD Solution for Calculating Phase Noise in Oscillators 656
10.18.1 General Analysis of Noise Due to Modulation and
Conversion in Oscillators 656
10.18.2 Modulation by a Sinusoidal Signal 657
10.18.3 Modulation by a Noise Signal 658
10.18.4 Oscillator Noise Models 659
10.18.5 Modulation and Conversion Noise 661
10.18.6 Nonlinear Approach for Computation of Noise Analysis
of Oscillator Circuits 661
10.18.7 Noise Generation in Oscillators 663
10.18.8 Frequency Conversion Approach 663
10.18.9 Conversion Noise Analysis 664
10.18.10Noise Performance Index Due to Frequency Conversion 664
10.18.11Modulation Noise Analysis 666
10.18.12Noise Performance Index Due to Contribution of
Modulation Noise 668
10.18.13PM{AM Correlation Coe_cient 669
CONTENTS xi
10.19 Phase Noise Measurement 670
10.19.1 Phase Noise Measurement Techniques 671
10.20 Back to Conventional Phase Noise Measurement System
(Hewlett-Packard) 684
10.21 State-of-the-art 688
10.21.1 ANALOG SIGNAL PATH 689
10.21.2 DIGITAL SIGNAL PATH 690
10.21.3 PULSED PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENT 692
10.21.4 CROSS-CORRELATION 693
10.22 INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE 694
10.23 Noise in Circuits and Semiconductors [10.87, 10.88, 10.99] 695
10.24 Validation Circuits 699
10.24.1 1000-MHz Ceramic Resonator Oscillator (CRO) 699
10.24.2 4100-MHz Oscillator with Transmission Line Resonators 703
10.24.3 2000-MHz GaAs FET-Based Oscillator 707
10.25 Analytical Approach For Designing E_cient Microwave FET
and Bipolar Oscillators (Optimum Power) 709
10.25.1 Series Feedback (MESFET) 709
10.25.2 Parallel Feedback (MESFET) 714
10.25.3 Series Feedback (Bipolar) 716
10.25.4 Parallel Feedback (Bipolar) 719
10.25.5 An FET Example 720
10.25.6 Simulated Results 729
10.25.7 Synthesizers 732
10.25.8 Self-Oscillating Mixer 732
10.26 Introduction 735
10.27 Large signal noise analysis 735
10.28 Quantifying Phase Noise 743
10.29 Summary 745
11 Frequency Synthesizer 769
11.1 Building block of synthesizer 771
11.1.1 Voltage controlled oscillator 771
11.1.2 Reference oscillator 771
11.1.3 Frequency divider 771
11.1.4 Phase-Frequency Comparators 774
11.1.5 Loop Filters - Filters for Phase Detectors Providing
Voltage Output 779
11.1.6 Example 784
11.2 Important Characteristics of Synthesizers 787
11.2.1 Frequency Range 787
11.2.2 Phase Noise 788
xii CONTENTS
11.2.3 Spurious Response 788
11.2.4 Transient Behavior of Digital Loops Using Tri-State
Phase Detectors 788
11.3 Practical Circuits 796
11.4 The Fractional-N Principle 799
11.4.1 Example: 802
11.4.2 Spur-Suppression Techniques 805
11.5 Digital Direct Frequency Synthesizer 808
11.5.1 DDS advantages 811
12 Microwave Mixer Design 815
12.1 Introduction 815
12.2 Diode Mixer Theory 823
12.3 Single-Diode Mixers 836
12.4 Single-Balanced Mixers 847
12.5 Double-Balanced Mixers 863
12.6 FET Mixer Theory 891
12.7 Balanced FET Mixers 915
12.8 Resistive (Reective) FET Mixers 930
12.9 Special Mixer Circuits 938
12.10 Mixer Noise 950
12.10.1 Mixer Noise Analysis (MOSFET) 950
12.10.2 Noise in resistive GaAs HEMT mixers1 958
13 RF Switches and Attenuators 971
13.1 pin Diodes 971
13.2 pin Diode Switches 974
13.3 pin Diode Attenuators 985
13.4 FET Switches 987
14 Simulation of Microwave Circuits 995
14.1 Introduction 995
14.2 Design Types 997
14.2.1 Printed Circuit Board 997
14.2.2 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 998
14.3 Design Entry 999
14.3.1 Schematic Capture 999
14.3.2 Board and MMIC Layout 1000
1Based on Michael Margraf, “Niederfrequenz-Rauschen und Intermodulationen von resistiven FET-Mischern,”
PhD dissertation at Berlin Institute of Technology, 2004 (in German) [12]. Figures reprinted with permission.
The mixer noise modeling approach was also published in [13, 14, 15].
CONTENTS xiii
14.4 Linear Circuit Simulation 1001
14.4.1 Small-Signal AC and S-parameter Simulation 1001
14.4.2 Example: Microwave Filter, Schematic Based 1004
14.5 Nonlinear Simulation 1004
14.5.1 Newton's Method 1006
14.5.2 Transistor Modeling 1007
14.5.3 Transient Simulation 1008
14.5.4 Example: Transient 1010
14.5.5 Harmonic Balance Simulation 1012
14.5.6 Example: Harmonic Balance, One-tone Ampli_er 1016
14.5.7 Example: Harmonic Balance, Two-tone Ampli_er 1017
14.5.8 Envelope Simulation 1019
14.5.9 Example: Envelope, Modulated Ampli_er 1023
14.5.10 Mixing Circuit and Thermal Simulation 1024
14.5.11 Example: Electrothermal 1027
14.6 Electromagnetic Simulation 1029
14.6.1 Method of Moments 1031
14.6.2 Finite Element Method 1031
14.6.3 Finite Di_erence Time Domain 1032
14.6.4 Performing an EM Simulation 1032
14.6.5 Example: Microwave Filter, EM Based 1034
14.7 Design for Manufacturing 1034
14.7.1 Circuit Optimization 1035
14.7.2 Example: Optimization 1037
14.7.3 Component Variation 1041
14.7.4 Monte Carlo Analysis 1042
14.7.5 Example: Monte Carlo Analysis 1044
14.7.6 Yield Analysis and Yield Optimization 1047
14.8 Oscillator Design and Simulation Example 1048
14.8.1 STW Delay Line 1048
14.8.2 Behavioral Simulation 1050
14.8.3 Choosing an Ampli_er 1050
14.8.4 DC Feed Design 1053
14.8.5 Wilkinson Divider Design 1053
14.8.6 Matching and Linear Oscillator Analysis 1053
14.8.7 Optimization of Loop Gain and Phase 1057
14.8.8 Nonlinear Oscillator Analysis 1057
14.8.9 1/f Noise Characterization 1059
14.8.10 Phase Noise Simulation 1066
14.8.11 Oscillator Start-up Time 1069
14.8.12 Layout EM Cosimulation 1069
14.8.13 Oscillator Design Summary 1070
xiv CONTENTS
14.9 Conclusion 1071
References 1073
Appendix A: Derivations for Unilateral Gain
Section 1075
Appendix B: Vector Representation of Two-Tone Intermodulation Products 1077
Introduction 1077
Single-Tone Analysis 1078
Two-Tone Analysis 1080
Bias-Induced Distortion 1086
Summary 1089
Single-Tone Volterra Series Expansion 1090
Fundamental Term 1091
dc Term 1091
Nonlinear Parallel RC Network 1092
Acknowledgments 1094
Bibliography 1095
Appendix C: Passive Microwave Elements 1097
Lumped Elements 1098
Distributed Elements 1100
Discontinuities 1107
Monolithic Elements 1110
Special-Purpose Elements 1113
Index 1119
