[eBook Code] Handbook of Agricultural Entomology (eBook Code, 1st)

Companion Website details xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xxi

1 The world of insects 1

1.1 The diversity of insects 1

1.2 The impact of insects on us 1

1.3 The impact we have on insects 5

1.4 Exploitation of insects 6

1.5 Other uses humans make of insects 6

1.6 Insect classification 7

2 External features of insects – structure and function 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 The exoskeleton 10

2.3 The basic body plan of the insect 11

2.4 The head 11

2.5 The thorax 16

2.6 The abdomen 22

3 The major divisions of the Insecta 25

3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Class Insecta, Subclass Apterygota or Phylum Arthropoda, Class Entognatha 25

3.3 Subclass Pterygota 26

4 Subclass Apterygota 31

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Order Diplura (two-pronged bristle-tails) 31

4.3 Order Protura 31

4.4 Order Thysanura (silverfi sh) 32

4.5 Order Collembola (springtails) 33

5 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Palaeopteran Orders 36

5.1 Introduction 36

5.2 Order Ephemeroptera (mayfl ies) 36

5.3 Order Odonata (dragonfl ies) 38

6 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Orthopteroid Orders 42

6.1 Introduction 42

6.2 Order Plecoptera (stoneflies) 43

6.3 Order Grylloblattodea 43

6.4 Order Mantophasmatodea (gladiators or heelwalkers) 44

6.5 Order Zoraptera (angel insects) 44

6.6 Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) 44

6.7 Order Phasmida (stick and leaf insects) 51

6.8 Order Dermaptera (earwigs) 52

6.9 Order Embioptera (web spinners) 53

6.10 Order Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantids) 54

6.11 Order Isoptera (termites) 57

7 Subclass Pterygota, Division Exopterygota, Hemipteroid Orders 63

7.1 Introduction 63

7.2 Order Psocoptera (booklice) 63

7.3 Order Mallophaga (biting lice) 64

7.4 Order Anoplura (= Siphunculata) (sucking lice) 64

7.5 Order Hemiptera (true bugs) 65

7.6 Order Thysanoptera (thrips or thunderflies) 106

8 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Lesser Orders 112

8.1 Introduction 112

8.2 Order Mecoptera (scorpion flies) 112

8.3 Order Siphonaptera (fleas) 113

8.4 Order Neuroptera 114

8.5 Order Trichoptera (caddis flies) 119

8.6 Order Strepsiptera (stylops) 120

9 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) 124

9.1 Introduction 124

9.2 Suborder Glossata 128

10 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Diptera (true flies) 159

10.1 Introduction 159

10.3 Suborder Brachycera 173

10.4 Suborder Cyclorrhapha 174

11 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, bees and wasps) 193

11.1 Introduction 193

11.2 Suborder Symphyta (sawflies) 194

11.3 Suborder Apocrita (ants, bees, wasps and parasitic wasps) 198

12 Subclass Pterygota, Division Endopterygota, Order Coleoptera (beetles) 221

12.1 Introduction 221

12.2 Suborder Adephaga 225

12.3 Suborder Polyphaga 231

13 Class Arachnida 272

13.1 Introduction 272

13.2 Subclass Araneida (spiders) 272

13.3 Subclass Acarina (mites and ticks) 274

Bibliography 284

Index 287