Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Loose Leaf, 9, Binder Ready Ve)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 2

1.2 Basic Equations 4

1.3 Methods of Analysis 5

1.4 Dimensions and Units 9

1.5 Analysis of Experimental Error 13

1.6 Summary 14

Problems 14

CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 17

2.1 Fluid as a Continuum 18

2.2 Velocity Field 19

2.3 Stress Field 25

2.4 Viscosity 27

2.5 Surface Tension 31

2.6 Description and Classification of Fluid Motions 34

2.7 Summary and Useful Equations 39

References 40

Problems 40

CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS 47

3.1 The Basic Equation of Fluid Statics 48

3.2 The Standard Atmosphere 51

3.3 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid 52

3.4 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces 59

3.5 Buoyancy and Stability 69

3.6 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (on the Web) 72

3.7 Summary and Useful Equations 72

References 73

Problems 73

CHAPTER 4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME 82

4.1 Basic Laws for a System 84

4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to the Control Volume Formulation 85

4.3 Conservation of Mass 89

4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume 94

4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear Acceleration 111

4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary Acceleration (on the Web) 117

4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle 117

4.8 The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 121

4.9 Summary and Useful Equations 128

Problems 129

CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID MOTION 144

5.1 Conservation of Mass 145

5.2 Stream Function for Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow 151

5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics) 153

5.4 Momentum Equation 167

5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 176

5.6 Summary and Useful Equations 190

References 192

Problems 192

CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW 198

6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler’s Equation 199

6.2 Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow 202

6.3 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation 213

6.4 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line 217

6.5 Unsteady Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline (on the Web) 219

6.6 Irrotational Flow 219

6.7 Summary and Useful Equations 234

References 235

Problems 236

CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE 244

7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations 245

7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis 246

7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem 248

7.4 Significant Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics 254

7.5 Flow Similarity and Model Studies 256

7.6 Summary and Useful Equations 267

References 268

Problems 268

CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 275

8.1 Internal Flow Characteristics 276

PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW 277

8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates 277

8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe 288

PART B. FLOW IN PIPES AND DUCTS 292

8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 293

8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow 294

8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow 297

8.7 Calculation of Head Loss 299

8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow Problems 309

8.9 Restriction Flow Meters for Internal Flows 326

8.10 Summary and Useful Equations 337

References 340

Problems 341

CHAPTER 9 EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW 353

PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS 355

9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept 355

9.2 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (on the Web) 359

9.3 Momentum Integral Equation 359

9.4 Use of the Momentum Integral Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient 363

9.5 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow 371

PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES 374

9.6 Drag 374

9.7 Lift 386

9.8 Summary and Useful Equations 400

References 402

Problems 403

CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY 412

10.1 Introduction and Classification of Fluid Machines 413

10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis 417

10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers 428

10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps 461

10.5 Hydraulic Turbines 464

10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines 474

10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines 490

10.8 Summary and Useful Equations 495

References 497

Problems 499

CHAPTER 11 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 507

11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions 509

11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel Flows 516

11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) 524

11.4 The Hydraulic Jump 528

11.5 Steady Uniform Flow 534

11.6 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth 544

11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs 548

11.8 Summary and Useful Equations 551

References 552

Problems 553

CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 556

12.1 Review of Thermodynamics 557

12.2 Propagation of Sound Waves 563

12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties 570

12.4 Critical Conditions 577

12.5 Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 577

12.6 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation 580

12.7 Normal Shocks 598

12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks 605

12.8 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks (continued, on the Web) 607

12.9 Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction (on the Web) 607

12.10 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange (on the Web) 607

12.11 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves (on the Web) 607

12.12 Summary and Useful Equations 607

References 610

Problems 610

APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA A-1

APPENDIX B VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS B-1

APPENDIX C SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR PUMPS AND FANS C-1

APPENDIX D FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF COMPRESSIBLE FLOW D-1

APPENDIX E ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY E-1

APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FUNCTIONS (ONLINE) WF-1

APPENDIX G A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (ONLINE) WG-1

Answers to Selected Problems 615

Index 623