Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional (Paperback, 2)

PREFACE ix

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv

CHAPTER 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW, TERMINOLOGY, AND BASIC CONCEPTS 1

Chapter Objectives 1

History of Electric Power 1

System Overview 2

Terminology 3

AC Voltage Generation 9

AC Connections 14

Three Types of Electrical Load 15

CHAPTER 2 GENERATION 19

Chapter Objectives 19

Real-Time Generation 19

Power Plants and Prime Movers 20

CHAPTER 3 TRANSMISSION LINES 43

Chapter Objectives 43

Transmission Lines 43

Conductors 45

Transmission Line Design Parameters (Optional Supplementary Reading) 50

Underground Transmission (Optional Supplementary Reading) 51

DC Transmission Systems (Optional Supplementary Reading) 52

CHAPTER 4 SUBSTATIONS 53

Chapter Objectives 53

Substation Equipment 53

Transformers 54

Regulators 63

Circuit Breakers 69

Reclosers 74

Disconnect Switches 75

Lightning Arresters 79

Electrical Bus 81

Capacitor Banks 83

Reactors 84

Static Var Compensators 86

Control Building 87

Preventive Maintenance 88

CHAPTER 5 DISTRIBUTION 91

Chapter Objectives 91

Distribution Systems 91

Transformer Connections (Optional Supplementary Reading) 102

Fuses and Cutouts 110

Riser or Dip Pole 112

Underground Service 112

CHAPTER 6 CONSUMPTION 119

Chapter Objectives 119

Electrical Energy Consumption 119

Power System Efficiency 121

Power Factor 122

Supply and Demand 123

Demand Side Management 124

Metering 125

Performance-Based Rates 131

Service Entrance Equipment 132

CHAPTER 7 SYSTEM PROTECTION 147

Chapter Objectives 147

Two Types of Protection 147

System Protection Equipment and Concepts 148

Distribution Protection 152

Transmission Protection 155

Substation Protection 157

Generator Protection 158

Generator Synchronization 160

Overall Transmission Protection 162

Substation Automation 162

CHAPTER 8 INTERCONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS 165

Chapter Objectives 165

Interconnected Power Systems 165

The North American Power Grids 166

Regulatory Environment 167

Interchange Scheduling 170

Interconnected System Operations 171

System Demand and Generator Loading 177

Reliable Grid Operations 180

CHAPTER 9 SYSTEM CONTROL CENTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS 187

Chapter Objectives 187

Electric System Control Centers 187

Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 189

Energy Management Systems 191

Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) 194

Smart Grid 196

Utility Communications Systems 207

CHAPTER 10 PERSONAL PROTECTION (SAFETY) 209

Chapter Objectives 209

Electrical Safety 209

Personal Protection 210

ARC-Flash 218

Electrical Safety Around the Home 222

APPENDIX A THE DERIVATION OF ROOT MEAN SQUARED 225

APPENDIX B GRAPHICAL POWER FACTOR ANALYSIS 227

RECOMMENDED READING 229

INDEX 231