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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 인문/사회 > 심리학 > 심리사상 > 심리학 사상일반
· ISBN : 9781119378754
· 쪽수 : 552쪽
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Preface
Chapter 1 Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter
Five Goals for the Personality Theorist
Why Study Personality?
Defining Personality
Questions about Persons: What, How, and Why
Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change
Structure
Process
Growth and Development
Genetic Determinants
Environmental Determinants
Psychopathology and Behavior Change
Important Issues in Personality Theory
Philosophical View of the Person
Internal and External Determinants of Behavior
Consistency across Situations and Over Time
The Unity of Experience and Action and the Concept of Self
Varying States of Awareness and the Concept of the Unconscious
The Influence of the Past, Present, and Future on Behavior
Can We Have A Science Of Personality? What Kind Of A Science Can It Be?
Evaluating Personality Theories
The Personality Theories: An Introduction
The Challenge of Constructing a Personality Theory
The Personality Theories: A Preliminary Sketch
On The Existence of Multiple Theories: Theories As Toolkits
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 2 The Scientific Study of People
Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter
The Data of Personality Psychology
Lots of Data
How Do Data From Different Sources Relate To One Another?
Fixed Versus Flexible Measures
Personality and Brain Data
Personality Theory And Assessment
Goals of Research: Reliability, Validity, Ethical Behavior
Reliability
Validity
The Ethics of Research and Public Policy
Three General Strategies to Research
Case Studies
Case Studies: An Example
Correlational Studies
Correlational Research: An Example
Experiments
Evaluating Alternative Research Approaches
Case Studies and Clinical Research: Strengths and Limitations
Correlational Research and Questionnaires: Strengths and Limitations
Laboratory, Experimental Research: Strengths and Limitations
Summary of Strengths and Limitations
Personality Theory and Personality Research
Personality Assessment and the Case Of Jim
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Of Personality
Questions to Be Addressed In This Chapter
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): A View of The Theorist
Freud’s View of the Person
The Mind as an Energy System
The Individual in Society
Freud’s View of the Science of Personality
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Structure
Levels of Consciousness and the Concept of The Unconscious
Id, Ego, And Superego
Process
Life and Death Instincts
The Dynamics of Functioning
Anxiety, Mechanisms of Defense, and Contemporary Research on Defensive Processes
Growth and Development
The Development of the Instincts and Stages of Development
The Development of Thinking Processes
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 4 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
Questions to Be Addressed In This Chapter
Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests
The Logic of Projective Tests
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Thematic Apperception Test (Tat)
Projective Tests: Do They Work?
Psychopathology
Personality Types
Conflict and Defense
Psychological Change
Insights into the Unconscious: Free Association and Dream Interpretation
The Therapeutic Process: Transference,
A Case Example: Little Hans
The Case of Jim
Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (Tat) Data
Comments on the Data
Related Theoretical Conceptions and Recent Developments
Two Early Challenges to Freud: Adler and Jung
Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
Carl G. Jung (1875–1961)
The Cultural and Interpersonal Emphasis: Horney and Sullivan
Reinterpreting Motivational Forces
Object Relations Theory
Self Psychology and Narcissism
Attachment Theory
Critical Evaluation
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 5 A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory Of Personality
Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter
Carl R. Rogers (1902–1987): A View of the Theorist
Rogers’s View of the Person
The Subjectivity of Experience
A Phenomenological Perspective
Rogers’s View of the Science of Personality
The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers
Structure
The Self
Measuring Self-Concept
Process
Self-Actualization
Self-Consistency and Congruence
Growth and Development
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 6 Rogers’s Phenomenological Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, And Contemporary Research
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter
Clinical Applications
Psychopathology
Psychological Change
Outcomes of Client-Centered Therapy
Presence
A Case Example: Mrs. Oak
The Case of Jim
Related Theoretical Conceptions
The Human Potential Movement
The Positive Psychology Movement
Classifying Human Strengths
The Virtues of Positive Emotions
Flow
Existentialism
Recent Developments in Theory and Research
Discrepancies among Parts of the Self
Fluctuations in Self-Esteem and Contingencies of Worth
Authenticity and Internally Motivated Goals
Self-Determination Theory
Cross-Cultural Research on the Self
Critical Evaluation
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 7 Trait Theories of Personality: Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell
Questions To Be Addressed In This Chapter
A View of the Trait Theorists
Trait Theory’s View of the Person
The Trait Concept
Trait Theory’s View of the Science of Personality
Scientific Functions Served By Trait Constructs
Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists
The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897–1967)
Traits: Personality Structure in Allport’s Theory
Functional Autonomy
Idiographic Research
Comment on Allport
Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis
The Factor-Analytic Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905–1998)
Surface And Source Traits: Personality Structure in Cattell’s Theory
Sources of Evidence: L-Data, Q-Data, and Ot-Data
Stability and Variability in Behavior
Comment on Cattell
The Three-Factor Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916–1997)
’’Superfactors”: Personality Structure in Eysenck’s Theory
Measuring the Factors
Biological Bases of Personality Traits
Extraversion and Social Behavior
Psychopathology and Behavior Change
Comment on Eysenck
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor Model; Applications and Evaluation of Trait Approaches to Personality
Questions to be Addressed in This Chapter
The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Research Evidence
Analysis of Trait Terms in Natural Language and in Questionnaires
The Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis
Cross-Cultural Research: Are The Big Five Dimensions Universal?
The Big Five in Personality Questionnaires
The Neo-Pi-R and Its Hierarchical Structure: Facets
Integration of Eysenck’s and Cattell’s Factors within the Big Five
Self-Ratings and Observer Ratings
The Five-Factor Theory
Growth and Development
Age Differences throughout Adulthood
Stability and Change in Personality
Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor Model
Applications of the Big Five Model
The Case of Jim
Factor-Analytic Trait-Based Assessment
Personality Stability: Jim 5 and 20 Years Later
Self-Ratings and Ratings by Wife On The Neo-Pi
The Person–Situation Controversy
Critical Evaluation
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 9 Biological Foundations of Personality
Questions To Be Addressed in this Chapter
Temperament
Constitution and Temperament: Early Views
Constitution and Temperament: Longitudinal Studies
Biology, Temperament and Personality Development: Contemporary Research
Inhibited and Uninhibited Children: Research of Kagan and Colleagues
Interpreting Data on Biology and Personality
Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality
Evolutionary Psychology
Social Exchange and the Detection of Cheating
Sex Differences: Evolutionary Origins?
Male–Female Mate Preferences
Causes of Jealousy
Evolutionary Origins Of Sex Differences: How Strong Are The Data?
Genes and Personality
Behavioral Genetics
Selective Breeding Studies
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
Heritability Coefficient
Heritability of Personality: Findings
Some Caveats
Molecular Genetic Paradigms
Environments and Gene–Environment Interactions
Mood, Emotion, and the Brain
Left and Right Hemispheric Dominance
Neurotransmitters and Temperament: Dopamine and Serotonin
Plasticity: Biology as both Cause and Effect
Neuroscientific Investigations of “Higher-Level” Psychological Functions
Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 10 Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter
Behaviorism’s View of the Person
Behaviorism’s View of the Science of Personality
Environmental Determinism and Its Implications for the Concept of Personality
Experimentation, Observable Variables, and Simple Systems
Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning
Watson’s Behaviorism
Pavlov’s Theory of Classical Conditioning
Psychopathology and Change
Skinner’s Theory of Operant Conditioning
A View of the Theorist
Skinner’s Theory of Personality
Structure
Process: Operant Conditioning
Growth and Development
Psychopathology
Behavioral Assessment
Behavior Change
Free Will?
Critical Evaluation
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 11 A Cognitive Theory: George A. Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory Of Personality
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter
George A. Kelly (1905–1966): A View of the Theorist
Kelly’s View of the Science of Personality
Kelly’s View of the Person
The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly
Types of Constructs and The Construct System
Assessment: The Role Construct Repertory (Rep) Test
Unique Information Revealed By Personal Construct Testing
Cognitive Complexity/Simplicity
Process
Growth and Development
Clinical Applications
Psychopathology
Change and Fixed-Role Therapy
The Case of Jim
Rep Test: Personal Construct Theory
Comments on the Data
Related Points Of View and Recent Developments
Critical Evaluation,
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 12 Social-Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel
Questions to be Addressed in This Chapter
Relating Social-Cognitive Theory to the Previous Theories
A View of the Theorists
Social-Cognitive Theory’s View of the Person
Social-Cognitive Theory’s View of the Science of Personality
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Structure
Competencies and Skills
Beliefs and Expectancies
The Self and Self-Efficacy Beliefs
Self-Efficacy and Performance
Goals
Evaluative Standards
The Nature of Social-Cognitive Personality Structures
Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality: Process
Reciprocal Determinism
Personality as a Cognitive-Affective Processing System (Caps)
Social-Cognitive Theory of Growth and Development
Observational Learning (Modeling)
Acquisition versus Performance
Vicarious Conditioning
Self-Regulation and Motivation
Self-Efficacy, Goals, and Self-Evaluative Reactions
Self-Control and Delay of Gratification
Learning Delay of Gratification Skills
Mischel’s Delay Of Gratification Paradigm
Summary of the Social-Cognitive View of Growth and Development
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 13 Social-Cognitive Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
Beliefs about the Self And Self-Schemas
Self-Schemas and Reaction-Time Methods
Self-Based Motives and Motivated Information Processing
Learning versus Performance Goals
Causes of Learning versus Performance Goals: Implicit Theories
Standards of Evaluation
Self-Standards, Self-Discrepancies, Emotion, and Motivation
A ’’General Principles” Approach to Personality
Psychopathology And Change: Modeling, Self-Conceptions, And Perceived Self-Efficacy
Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, And Depression
Self-Efficacy and Health,
Therapeutic Change: Modeling and Guided Mastery
Stress and Coping
Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Therapy
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy for Depression
The Case of Jim
Critical Evaluation
Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
Major Contributions and Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 14 Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development across the Course of Life
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter
Interpersonal Relationships
Rejection Sensitivity
Transference in Interpersonal Relationships
Meeting Academic and Social Challenges: Optimistic Strategies and Defensive Pessimism
Personality Consistency in Context
Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context
Personality Functioning Across the Life Span
Psychological Resilience in the Later Years
Emotional Life in Older Adulthood: Socioemotional Selectivity
Persons in Cultures
Two Strategies for Thinking about Personality and Culture
Personality and Self As Socially Constructed Within Culture
Putting Personality in Context into Practice
Assessing Personality in Context: A Case Study
Personality Processes in Context: Fostering Social Change
Summary
Major Concepts
Review
Chapter 15 Assessing Personality Theory and Research
Questions to be Addressed in this Chapter
On Structures, Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change
Personality Structure
Process
Growth and Development
Psychopathology and Change
The Case of Jim
How Did They Do? A Critical Evaluation of Personality Theories and Research, Scientific Observation: The Database
Theory: Systematic?
Theory: Testable?
Theory: Comprehensive?
Applications
A Final Summing Up: Theories as Toolkits
Review
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
