Personality: Theory and Research (Paperback, 15)

xi

Preface vii

1 Personality Theory: From Observation

to Scientific

Explanation 1

Defining Personality, 4

Three Goals for the Personality Theorist, 6

Answering Questions about Persons Scientifically: Understanding Structures,

Processes, Development, and Therapeutic Change, 10

Important Issues in Personality Theory, 17

Evaluating Personality Theories, 23

The Personality Theories: An Introduction, 24

Major Concepts, 28

Review, 28

2 The Scientific Study of People 29

Personality Research: The Data, 31

Personality Research: Research Designs, 35

Contemporary Developments in Personality Research: Social Media

and Language-Based

Assessments, 45

Personality Assessment and the Case of Jim, 48

Vive la Différence: Conceptual Distinctions in Personality Research, 49

Major Concepts, 56

Review, 56

3 A Psychodynamic Theory: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

of Personality 57

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939): A View of the Theorist, 58

Freud’s View of the Person, 60

Freud’s View of the Science of Personality, 63

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality, 64

Major Concepts, 87

Review, 87

Contents

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xii Contents

4 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:

Applications, Related

Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary

Research 89

Psychodynamic Personality Assessment: Projective Tests, 90

Psychopathology, 96

Psychological Change, 99

The Case of Jim, 104

Related Theoretical Conceptions, 107

Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Neuropsychoanalysis, 122

Critical Evaluation, 127

Major Concepts, 131

Review, 131

5 A Phenomenological Theory: The Personality Theory

of Rogers 133

Carl R. Rogers (1902–1987): A View of the Theorist, 135

Rogers’s View of the Person, 137

Rogers’s View of the Science of Personality, 139

The Personality Theory of Carl Rogers, 140

Major Concepts, 153

Review, 153

6 Rogers’s Phenomenological Theory:

Applications, Related

Theoretical

Conceptions, and Contemporary Research 154

Clinical Applications, 155

The Case of Jim, 162

Related Conceptions: Human Potential, Positive Psychology,

and Existentialism, 164

Developments in Research: The Self and Authenticity, 172

Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: Personality Systems

Interaction Theory and the Integrated Self, 179

Personality Systems Interaction Theory, 180

Illustrative Research, 183

Implications for Rogers’s Self Theory of Personality, 183

Critical Evaluation, 184

Major Concepts, 188

Review, 188

7 Trait Theories of Personality:

Allport,

Eysenck,

and Cattell 189

A View of the Trait Theorists, 190

Trait Theory’s View of the Person, 191

Trait Theory’s View of the Science of Personality, 192

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Contents xiii

Trait Theories of Personality: Basic Perspectives Shared by Trait Theorists, 194

The Trait Theory of Gordon W. Allport (1897–1967), 195

Identifying Primary Trait Dimensions: Factor Analysis, 198

The Factor-Analytic

Trait Theory of Raymond B. Cattell (1905–1998), 200

The Three-Factor

Theory of Hans J. Eysenck (1916–1997), 204

Major Concepts, 212

Review, 212

8 Trait Theory: The Five-Factor

Model and Contemporary

Developments 214

On Taxonomies of Personality, 215

The Five-Factor

Model of Personality: Research Evidence, 216

Five-Factor

Theory, 226

Maybe We Missed One? The Six-Factor

Model, 229

Cross-cultural

Research: Are the Big Five Dimensions Universal?, 229

Contemporary Developments in Trait Theory: Reinforcement

Sensitivity Theory, 234

The Case of Jim—Factor-

Analytic

Trait-Based

Assessment, 240

The Person-Situation

Controversy, 243

Critical Evaluation, 245

Major Concepts, 249

Review, 249

9 Behaviorism and The Learning Approaches

To Personality 251

Behaviorism’s View of the Person, 254

Behaviorism’s View of the Science of Personality, 254

Watson, Pavlov, and Classical Conditioning, 258

Skinner’s Theory of Operant Conditioning, 268

Critical Evaluation, 278

Major Concepts, 281

Review, 281

10 A Cognitive Theory: George A. Kelly’s Personal Construct

Theory of Personality 282

George A. Kelly (1905–1966): A View of the Theorist, 285

Kelly’s View of the Science of Personality, 286

Kelly’s View of the Person, 287

The Personality Theory of George A. Kelly, 288

Clinical Applications, 301

The Case of Jim, 304

Related Points of View and Recent Developments, 305

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Critical Evaluation, 306

Major Concepts, 310

Review, 310

11 Social-Cognitive

Theory: Bandura and Mischel 311

Relating Social-Cognitive

Theory to Historically Prior Theories, 312

A View of the Theorists, 313

Social-Cognitive

Theory’s View of the Person, 316

Social-Cognitive

Theory’s View of the Science of Personality, 317

Social-Cognitive

Theory of Personality: Structure, 317

Social-Cognitive

Theory of Personality: Process, 325

Social-Cognitive

Theory of Growth and Development, 329

Major Concepts, 341

Review, 341

12 Social-Cognitive

Theory: Applications, Related Theoretical

Conceptions, and Contemporary Developments 342

Beliefs About the Self and Self-Schemas,

344

Standards of Evaluation and Self-Discrepancies,

352

Contemporary Developments in Personality Theory: The KAPA Model, 354

Clinical Applications, 361

Stress, Coping, and Cognitive Therapy, 366

The Case of Jim, 370

Critical Evaluation, 372

Major Concepts, 375

Review, 375

13 Culture, Interpersonal Relations, and the Social Foundations

of Personality

and Its Development 376

Persons in Cultures, 378

Broad Cultural Differences: Western and Eastern Views of Self, 385

Societies within Cultures: Social Practices and Personality Development, 389

Personality Development in Socioeconomic Context, 393

Personality Functioning Across the Life Span, 396

Interpersonal Relationships, 398

Putting Personality in Context into Practice, 404

Summary, 409

Major Concepts, 409

Review, 409

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14 Genes, Brains, and Biological Bases of Personality

and its Development 411

This illustration shows the location through which an iron rod blasted through

the frontal cortex of Phineas Gage—who

survived the accident but experienced

a profound change in his personality., 412

Temperament, 413

Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology, and Personality, 436

Mood, Emotion, and the Brain, 446

Plasticity: Biology as Both Cause and Effect, 451

Neuroscientific Investigations of “Higher-Level”

Psychological Functions, 452

Summary, 453

Major Concepts, 453

Review, 453

15 Assessing Personality Theory and Research 455

The Personality Theories: Similarities, Differences, and Integration, 456

What an Integrative Theory Might Look Like, 460

How Did They Do? A Critical Evaluation of the Personality Theories and Their

Research, 461

A Final Summing Up: Theories as Toolkits, 466

Review, 467

Glossary G-1

References R-1

Author Index I-1

Subject Index I-00