Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach (Hardcover, 2)

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, BASIC THEORY AND PRINCIPLES

1 Introduction

1.1 History

1.2 Basic Theory

1.3 Molecular Vibrations

1.4 Group Vibrations

1.5 Basic Interpretation of Spectra

1.6 Summary

1.7 Bibliography

CHAPTER 2 THE RAMAN EXPERIMENT – RAMAN INSTRUMENTATION, SAMPLE PRESENTATION, DATA HANDLING AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INTERPRETATION

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Choice of Instrument

2.3 Transmission Raman scattering and spatially offset Raman scattering

2.4 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling

2.4.1 Sample Mounting – Optical Considerations

2.4.2 Raman Sample Handling

2.5 Sample Mounting Accessories

2.5.1 Small Fibres, Films, Liquids and Powders

2.5.2 Variable Temperature and Pressure Cells

2.5.3 Special Applications – Thin Films, Surfaces and Catalysts

2.5.4 Reaction Cells, Flow through Cells and Sample Changers, Automated Mounts

2.6 Fibre optic coupling and wave guides

2.7 Microscopy

2.7.1 Raman Microscopes

2.7.2 Depth Profiling

2.7.3 Imaging and Mapping

2.8 Calibration

2.9 Data Handling, Manipulation and Quantitation

2.9.1 Manipulation of Spectra for presentation

2.9.2 Presentation of Spectra

2.9.3 Quantitation

2.10 Approach to Qualitative Interpretation

2.10.1 Factors to Consider in the Interpretation of a Raman Spectrum of an Unknown Sample

2.10.1.1 Knowledge of the sample and sample preparation effects

2.10.1.2 Instrument and Software Effects

2.10.1.3 The Spectrum

2.10.2 Computer Aided Spectrum Interpretation

2.10.2 Spectra Formats for Transfer and Exchange of Data

2.11 Summary

CHAPTER 3 THE THEORY OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Absorption and Scattering

3.3 States of a System and Hooke’s Law

3.4 The Basic Selection Rule

3.5 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations

3.6 The Mutual Exclusion Rule

3.7 Understanding polarisability

3.8 Polarizability and the measurement of polarization

3.9 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups

3.10 Lattice Modes

3.11 Conclusions

CHAPTER 4 RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The basic process

4.3 Key differences between resonance and normal Raman scattering

4.3.1 Intensity increase

4.3.2 Franck Condon and Herzberg Teller scattering

4.3.3 Overtones

4.3.4 Wavelength dependence

4.3.5 Electronic information

4.4 Practical aspects

4.5 Conclusions

CHAPTER 5 SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING AND SURFACE-ENHANCED RESONANCE RAMAN SCATTERING

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement

5.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement

5.2.2 Charge Transfer or chemical enhancement

5.2.3 Stages in the SERS process

5.3 Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS)

5.4 Selection rules

5.5 Surface chemistry

5.6 Substrates

5.7 Quantitation and multiplex detection

5.8 Conclusion

CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Inorganics and Minerals and Environmental Analysis

6.3 Art and Archaeology

6.4 Polymers and Emulsions

6.4.1 Overview

6.4.2 Simple Qualitative Polymer Studies

6.4.3 Quantitative Polymer Studies

6.5 Dyes and Pigments

6.5.1 Raman Colour Probes

6.5.2 In Situ Analysis

6.5.3 Raman Studies of Tautomerism in Azo Dyes

6.5.4 Polymorphism in Dyes

6.6 Electronics Applications

6.7 Biological and Clinical Applications

6.7.1 Introduction

6.8 Pharmaceuticals

6.9 Forensic Applications

6.10 Process analysis and reaction following

6.10.1 Introduction

6.10.2 Electronics and Semiconductors

6.10.3 PCl3 Production Monitoring

6.10.4 Anatase and Rutile Forms of Titanium Dioxide

6.10.5 Polymers and Emulsions

6.10.6 Pharmaceutical Industry

6.10.7 Solid Phase Organic Synthesis/Combinatorial Chemistry

6.10.8 Fermentations

6.10.9 Gases

6.10.10 Catalysts

6.10.11 Nuclear Industry

6.11 Summary

CHAPTER 7 MORE ADVANCED RAMAN SCATTERING TECHNIQUES

7.1 Flexible Optics

7.2 Spatial resolution

7.3 Pulsed and tuneable lasers

7.4 Tip enhanced Raman scattering and SNOM

7.5 Single molecule detection

7.6 Time resolved scattering

7.7 Fluorescence rejection

7.8 Raman optical activity

7.9 UV excitation

7.10 Conclusions

Appendix 1

Index