Lead-Nickel Electrochemical Batteries (Hardcover)

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction  xix

PART 1. UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERIES 1

Chapter 1. Definitions and Methods of Measurement 3

1.1. Introduction 3

1.2. Terminology 3

1.3. Definitions of characteristics 7

1.4. Battery states 20

1.5. Faradic efficiency 32

1.6. Charge coefficient 34

1.7. Overcharge coefficient 34

1.8. Energy efficiency 34

1.9. Self-discharge 36

1.10. Acceptance current 37

1.11. Conclusion 37

1.12. Appendix: Nernst’s law 38

1.13. Solutions to exercises 48

PART 2. Lead–ACID BATTERIES 55

Chapter 2. The Operation of Lead–Acid Batteries 59

2.1. Principles of operation 59

2.2. Properties due to electrochemical reactions 80

2.3. Polarity inversion 96

2.4. Effects of temperature, aging and thermal runaway 97

2.5. Failure modes 100

2.6. Appendices 107

2.7. Solutions to exercises 110

Chapter 3. Internal Composition and Types of Lead–Acid Batteries 115

3.1. Composition of lead–acid batteries 115

3.2. Families of lead–acid batteries 126

3.3. Other battery types and future prospects 132

Chapter 4. Lead Batteries: Main Characteristics 135

4.1. Introduction 135

4.2. Electrical characteristics 135

4.3. Charge of lead batteries 149

4.4. Energy management 155

4.5. SOC indicator 156

4.6. Conditions of use 162

4.7. Economic considerations 171

4.8. Applicable standards 174

4.9. Future developments 175

4.10. To find out more 176

4.11. Solutions to exercises 176

Chapter 5. Manufacturing Starting, Lighting and Ignition Batteries 181

5.1. Introduction 181

5.2. Manufacturing an SLI battery 182

5.3. Raw materials 184

5.4. Different ways of manufacturing lead SLI batteries 189

5.5. Composition of the paste 201

5.6. Pasting the grids 204

5.7. Curing of the plates 204

5.8. Assembly 209

5.9. Formation of the battery 218

5.10. Final test and dispatch 225

5.11. Solutions to exercises 225

PART 3. INTRODUCTION TO NICKEL-BASED BATTERIES 227

Chapter 6. Nickel–Cadmium Batteries 229

6.1. Introduction 229

6.2. Operating principle 230

6.3. Main characteristics 236

Chapter 7. Nickel–Metal Hydride Batteries 251

7.1. Introduction 251

7.2. Operating principle 252

7.3. Main characteristics 256

7.4. Solution to exercise 271

Chapter 8. Other Nickel-Based Batteries 273

8.1. Introduction 273

8.2. Nickel–iron batteries 273

8.3. Nickel–zinc batteries 277

8.4. More information on nickel-based batteries 286

8.4.1. Resources and properties of nickel 286

8.4.2. Recycling channels for nickel-based batteries 286

8.4.3. Bibliography 287

Conclusion 289

Index 291