Lithium Batteries and other Electrochemical Storage Systems (Hardcover)

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Introduction xvii

PART 1 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY BATTERIES EXAMPLES OF USE 1

Chapter 1 Breakdown of Storage Requirements 3

1.1.Introduction 3

1.2.Domains of application for energy storage 3

1.3.Review of storage requirements and appropriate technologies 18

1.4. Conclusion 19

Chapter 2. Definitions and Measuring Methods 21

2.1. Introduction 21

2.2.Terminology 21

2.3.Definitions of the characteristics 27

2.4.States of the battery 40

2.5.Faradaic efficiency 66

2.6.Self-discharge 67

2.7.Acceptance current 68

2.8.Conclusion 69

2.9.Appendix 1: Nernst’s law 69

2.10.Appendix 2: Double layer 78

2.11.Appendix 3: Warburg impedance 79

2.12.Solutions to the exercises in Chapter 2 82

Chapter 3. Practical Examples Using Electrochemical Storage 89

3.1.Introduction 89

3.2. Conclusion 109

3.3. Solution to the exercises in Chapter 3 110

PART 2. LITHIUM BATTERIES 115

Chapter 4.Introduction to Lithium Batteries 117

4.1.History of lithium batteries 117

4.2.Categories of lithium batteries 121

4.3. The different operational mechanisms for lithium batteries 122

4.4.Appendices 131

Chapter 5.The Basic Elements in Lithium-ion Batteries: Electrodes, Electrolytes and Collectors 135

5.1.Introduction 135

5.2.Operation of lithium-ion technology 136

5.3.Positive electrodes 138

5.4.Negative electrodes 146

5.5.Electrolyte 158

5.6.Current collectors 161

5.7.Conclusion 162

5.8.Solution to exercises in Chapter 5 162

Chapter 6. Usual Lithium-ion Batteries 167

6.1.Principle of operation of conventional assemblies of electrodes 167

6.2.Major characteristics 177

6.3.Solution to exercises from Chapter 6 230

Chapter 7.Present and Future Developments Regarding Lithium-ion Batteries 235

7.1.Improvement of the operation and safety of current technologies 236

7.2.Improvement of the intrinsic performances (energy, power) 244

7.3.New formats of batteries 252

7.4.Conclusion 255

Chapter 8. Lithium-Metal Polymer Batteries 257

8.1.Principle of operation 258

8.2.Manufacturing process 260

8.3.Main characteristics 261

Chapter 9.Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 263

9.1.Introduction 263

9.2.The element Sulfur 264

9.3.Principle of operation 264

9.4.Discharge curve 269

9.5.Advantages to Li-S 270

9.6.Limitations and disadvantages of a Li-S battery 271

9.7.Conclusion 285

Chapter 10.Lithium-Air Batteries 287

10.1.Introduction 287

10.2.Operational principle 289

10.3.Electrolytes 295

10.4.Main limitations 297

10.5.Main actors 304

10.6.Conclusion 306

10.7.Appendix: calculation of theoretical gravimetric energy densities 307

Chapter 11.Lithium Resources 309

11.1.State of the art in terms of availability of lithium resources 310

11.2.Comparison of resources with the needs of the electrical industry 312

11.3.State of the art of extraction techniques and known production reserves 315

11.4.Nature and geological origin of all potential lithium resources 318

11.5.Global geographic distribution of raw lithium resources 320

11.6.Evolution of the cost of lithium 323

11.7.Summary 325

PART 3.OTHER TYPES OF BATTERIES 327

Chapter 12.Other Types of Batteries 329

12.1.Introduction 329

12.2.Sodium–Sulfur technology 330

12.3.Nickel chloride batteries 335

12.4.Conclusions about high-temperature batteries 340

12.5.Redox flow systems 340

Conclusion 351

Index 353