[eBook Code] Nanobiosensors (eBook Code, 1st)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Nanobiosensors (eBook Code, 1st) (From Design to Applications)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 화학 > 분석화학
· ISBN : 9783527345144
· 쪽수 : 416쪽

1 Basics of Biosensors and Nanobiosensors 1
Pravin Bhattarai and Sadaf Hameed

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Biosensor and Its Working Principle 3

1.3 Characteristics of a Biosensor 4

1.3.1 Selectivity 4

1.3.2 Reproducibility 4

1.3.3 Stability 5

1.3.4 Sensitivity and Linearity 5

1.4 Biosensor Evolution: A Brief Outlook 6

1.5 Types of Biosensors 6

1.5.1 Electrochemical Biosensors (ECBs) 6

1.5.1.1 Potentiometric Biosensors 8

1.5.1.2 Voltammetric/Amperometric 8

1.5.1.3 Impedance (Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS) 8

1.5.1.4 Conductometric 9

1.5.2 Optical Biosensors 9

1.5.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance 10

1.5.2.2 Evanescent Wave Fluorescence Biosensors 10

1.5.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors 11

1.5.4 Electronic Biosensors: Based on Field-Effect Transistor 12

1.6 On the Basis of the Use of Biorecognition Elements: Catalytic Versus Affinity Biosensors 13

1.6.1 Enzymatic Biosensors 13

1.6.2 Immunosensors 13

1.6.3 DNA Aptamer Biosensors 14

1.6.4 Peptide-Based Biosensors 14

1.6.5 Whole-Cell Biosensors 14

1.7 Application of Biosensors 15

1.7.1 Biosensors in Microbiology 15

1.7.2 Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring Applications 16

1.7.3 Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Identification 16

1.7.4 Biosensor in the Detection of Infectious Diseases 16

1.8 Conclusion 17

Acknowledgment 17

References 17

2 Transduction Process-Based Classification of Biosensors 23
Fang Yang, Yuanyuan Ma, Stefan G. Stanciu, and Aiguo Wu

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors 24

2.2.1 Potentiometric Biosensors 25

2.2.2 Impedimetric Biosensors 26

2.2.3 Conductometric Biosensors 28

2.3 Optical Biosensors 29

2.3.1 Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 29

2.3.2 Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 30

2.3.3 Biosensors Based on Fluorescence Effect 31

2.4 Mass-Based Biosensors 32

2.4.1 Piezoelectric Biosensors 32

2.4.2 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) 33

2.4.3 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) 34

2.5 Thermal Biosensors 35

2.5.1 Thermometric Sensors 35

2.5.2 Terahertz Effect 36

2.5.3 Thermal Radiation 37

2.6 Energy Biosensors 38

2.6.1 Adenosine Triphosphate 39

2.6.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy 39

2.7 Conclusion 40

Acknowledgments 40

References 40

3 Novel Nanomaterials for Biosensor Development 45
Sadaf Hameed and Pravin Bhattarai

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Graphene and Its Composites 46

3.2.1 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Biosensors 48

3.2.1.1 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 49

3.2.1.2 Graphene and Their Composite-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors 50

3.3 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids 51

3.3.1 Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybrids 53

3.4 Nitride-Based Biosensors 57

3.4.1 Biosensing Application of Nitride-Based Nanomaterials 58

3.5 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles for Biosensors 60

3.5.1 Fundamental Characteristics of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructure for the Development of a Biosensor 61

3.5.2 Performance of Nanostructured Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Biosensors 61

3.6 Conclusion 64

Acknowledgment 64

References 64

4 Biomarkers and Their Role in Detection of Biomolecules 73
Ayesha Taj, Abdul Rehman, and Sadia Z. Bajwa

4.1 Introduction 73

4.2 Types of Biomarkers 75

4.2.1 Predictive Biomarker 75

4.2.2 Prognosis Biomarker 75

4.2.3 Pharmacodynamic Biomarker 75

4.3 Cancer Biomarker 76

4.3.1 Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Medicine 77

4.3.2 Use of Biomarkers in Cancer Research 78

4.3.2.1 Risk Assessment 79

4.3.2.2 Screening 79

4.3.2.3 Diagnostic Test 79

4.3.2.4 Staging 80

4.3.2.5 Monitoring Tests 80

4.3.3 Types of Cancer Biomarkers 80

4.4 Cardiac Biomarkers 80

4.4.1 Measurement 81

4.4.2 Types of Cardiac Biomarkers 81

4.4.2.1 Troponin 81

4.4.2.2 Creatine Kinase (CK) 82

4.4.2.3 Myoglobin 82

4.4.2.4 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 82

4.4.2.5 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 82

4.5 Biomarker of Aging 83

4.6 Alzheimer’s Biomarker 83

4.7 HIV Biomarker 85

4.8 Conclusion 87

Acknowledgment 88

References 88

5 Detection of Cancer Cells by Using Biosensors 95
Nuzhat Jamil and Waheed S. Khan

5.1 Introduction 95

5.2 Early Stage Detection of Cancer and Its Importance 96

5.3 Biosensor – A Good Option for Detecting Cancers 96

5.4 Cancers Commonly Observed in Females 97

5.4.1 Breast Cancer Detection 97

5.4.1.1 Electrochemical DNA Biosensor Based on Immobilized ZnO Nanowires 97

5.4.1.2 Optical Biosensor of Breast Cancer Cells 98

5.4.1.3 Microfluidic Plasmonic Biosensor 100

5.4.1.4 QCM Biosensor for Sensitive and Selective Detection 100

5.4.2 Ovarian Cancer Detection 102

5.4.2.1 ZnO–Au-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Ovarian Cancer 102

5.4.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle–Antibody Conjugates (MNP–ABS)-Based Assay 103

5.4.3 Cervical Cancer Detection 103

5.4.3.1 Impedimetric Biosensor for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer 104

5.4.3.2 Automated Cervical Cancer Detection Using Photonic Crystal-Based Biosensor 105

5.5 Cancers Commonly Observed in Males 106

5.5.1 Lung Cancer Detection 106

5.5.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Biosensor 106

5.6 Prostate Cancer Detection 107

5.6.1 Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on the Enhanced Catalytic Currents of Oxygen Reduction Catalyzed by Core–Shell Au@Pt Nanocrystals 107

5.6.2 Electrochemical Biosensor to Simultaneously Detect VEGF and PSA for Early Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Based on Graphene Oxide/ssDNA/PLLA Nanoparticles 108

5.6.3 Detection of Early Stage Prostate Cancer by Using a Simple Carbon Nanotube@Paper Biosensor 109

5.7 Oral Cancer 110

5.7.1 Graphene Biosensor Based on Antigen Concentration in Saliva 110

5.8 Conclusions 111

Acknowledgments 112

References 112

6 Biosensor Applications for Viral and Bacterial Disease Diagnosis 117
Ayesha Shaheen, Rabia Arshad, Ayesha Taj, Usman Latif, and Sadia Z. Bajwa

6.1 Introduction 117

6.2 Dengue Fever Virus Detection 118

6.2.1 Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensor 118

6.2.2 Plasmonic Biosensor for Early Detection of Dengue Virus 120

6.2.3 Impedimetric Biosensor to Test Neat Serum for Dengue Virus 120

6.3 Zika Virus Detection 122

6.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Stage Zika Diagnostics 122

6.3.2 Novel Graphene-Based Biosensor for Early Detection of Zika Virus 124

6.3.3 Smartphone-Based Diagnostic Platform for Rapid Detection of Zika Virus 126

6.4 Yellow Fever 126

6.4.1 Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Ebola Antigen 127

6.5 Hepatitis B 128

6.5.1 Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensor for Detection of Hepatitis B 128

6.5.2 Gold Nanorod-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor for Sensitive Detection of Hepatitis B Virus 129

6.5.3 Amplified Detection of Hepatitis B Virus Using an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor on a Nanoporous Gold Platform 129

6.6 Hepatitis C 130

6.6.1 Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles: A Novel Nanoparticle Biosensor Approach for the Direct Quantification of Hepatitis C 131

6.6.2 Impedimetric Genosensor for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV1) DNA Using the Viral Probe on Methylene Blue-Doped Silica Nanoparticles 132

6.6.3 Ultrasensitive Aptasensor Based on a GQD Nanocomposite for Detection of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen 133

6.7 Typhoid Fever 134

6.7.1 Graphene Oxide–Chitosan Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for Detection of Typhoid 135

6.8 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 137

6.8.1 Gold Nanotube Array Electrode Platform-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA 138

6.8.2 Label-Free Biosensor Based on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 138

6.9 Conclusions 139

Acknowledgment 140

References 140

7 Detection of HIV Virus Using Biosensor 149
Haq Nawaz, Muhammad Tahir, Shumaila Anwar, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, and Nosheen Rashid

7.1 Introduction 149

7.1.1 Structure and Genomic Specifications of HIV 150

7.1.2 Morphology 150

7.2 Electrochemical Based Biosensors for HIV Detection 155

7.2.1 DNA Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of HIV 155

7.2.1.1 Detection of HIV DNA Sequence 155

7.2.2 Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of HIV 156

7.2.3 Ultrasensitive Biosensors for HIV Gene 157

7.2.4 Optical Biosensors for HIV Detection 158

7.2.5 Nanostructured Optical Photonic Crystal Biosensor for HIV 159

7.2.5.1 Virus Capture 160

7.2.6 Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors 160

7.2.7 Sensitive Impedimetric DNA Biosensor for the Determination of the HIV-1 Gene 162

7.2.8 Improved Piezoelectric Biosensor for HIV Rapid Detection of HIV 163

7.2.8.1 Measurement Procedure 163

7.3 Conclusions 164

Acknowledgments 165

References 165

8 Use of Biosensors for Mycotoxins Analysis in Food Stuff 171
Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Chen Wang, Muhammad Adnan Younis, and Xing-Hua Xia

8.1 Introduction 171

8.2 Types of Mycotoxins 173

8.2.1 Aflatoxins 173

8.2.2 Ochratoxins 174

8.2.3 Citrinin 174

8.2.4 Patulin 174

8.2.5 Fusarium 175

8.3 Biosensors for Aflatoxin Detection 175

8.3.1 DNA-Based Biosensor for Aflatoxins 176

8.3.2 Electrochemical Detection Systems 179

8.3.3 Carbon Nanotube (CNT)-Based Aflatoxin Biosensor 180

8.3.4 QCM Biosensor for Aflatoxin 182

8.4 Biosensors for Ochratoxins 185

8.4.1 Horseradish Peroxidase-Screen-Printed Biosensor for the Determination of Ochratoxin 185

8.4.2 Aptamer–DNAzyme Hairpin Biosensor for Ochratoxin 186

8.4.3 Development of QCM-D Biosensor for Ochratoxin A 189

8.5 Biosensors for Citrinin Determination 192

8.5.1 Molecular Imprinted Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor 192

8.6 Biosensors for Patulin Determination 194

8.6.1 Cerium Oxide ISFET-Based Immune Biosensor 194

8.6.2 Conductometric Enzyme Biosensor for Patulin Determination 196

8.7 Biosensors for Fusarium Determination 196

8.7.1 Rapid Biosensor for the Detection of Mycotoxin in Wheat (MYCOHUNT) 198

8.8 Conclusions 198

Acknowledgment 199

References 199

9 Development of Biosensors for Drug Detection Applications 203
Razium Ali Soomro

9.1 Introduction 203

9.2 What is the Need of Biosensors for Drug Detection? 205

9.3 Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics 206

9.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensor for Antibiotics 207

9.3.2 Voltammetric Biosensor for Antibiotics 207

9.3.3 Photoelectrochemical Biosensors for Antibiotics 209

9.3.4 Amperometric Biosensor for Antibiotics 211

9.4 Biosensors for the Detection of Therapeutic Drugs 212

9.5 Biosensors for Neurotransmitter 214

9.6 Conclusion and Perspective 219

Acknowledgment 219

References 220

10 Detecting the Presence of Illicit Drugs Using Biosensors 223
Muhammad Irfan Majeed, Haq Nawaz, and Falaq Naz Arshad

10.1 Introduction 223

10.1.1 Classification of Illicit Drugs 224

10.1.2 Drug’s Effect on Brain and Body 225

10.1.3 Signs of Illicit Drug Addiction 225

10.1.4 Biosensors for Illicit Drugs 226

10.1.5 Nanomaterials for Biosensors 227

10.1.6 Molecular Receptors for the Nanobiosensors 229

10.2 Cocaine Detection 230

10.2.1 Quantum Dot-Based Optical Biosensors for Cocaine Detection 230

10.2.2 Nanopore Biosensor for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Cocaine Detection 231

10.2.3 Colorimetric Cocaine Aptasensors 232

10.2.4 Electrochemical Based Cocaine Aptasensors 234

10.3 Methamphetamine Detection 234

10.3.1 Nonaggregated Au@Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticle Based Colorimetric Biosensor for Methamphetamine Detection 235

10.4 Chlorpromazine Detection 237

10.4.1 DNA Intercalation-Based Amperometric Biosensor for Chlorpromazine Detection 238

10.5 Codeine Detection 239

10.6 Morphine Detection 241

10.7 Alcohol Detection 242

10.8 Conclusion 244

Acknowledgments 245

References 245

11 Biosensors for Determination of Pesticides and Their Residues 255
Asma Rehman, Lutfur Rahman, Bushra Tehseen, and Hafiza F. Khalid

11.1 Introduction 255

11.2 Types of Pesticides and Their Benefits 256

11.2.1 Insecticides 256

11.2.2 Herbicides 257

11.2.3 Fungicides 257

11.2.4 Benefits of Pesticides 258

11.2.5 Beneficiaries of Pesticides 258

11.2.6 Controlling Agricultural Pests and Vectors of Plant Disease 259

11.2.7 Benefits of Pesticides to Prevent Organisms that Harm Other Activities or Damage Structures 260

11.3 Detrimental Effects: Health and Environmental Effects 261

11.3.1 Impact of Pesticides on Human Health: Topical or Systemic 262

11.3.2 Short-Term Effects of Pesticides 262

11.3.3 Long-Term Effects of Pesticides 263

11.3.4 Effects of Pesticides on Pregnant Women 263

11.3.5 Pesticides and Children 263

11.3.6 Effects of Pesticides on the Environment 264

11.3.7 Safe Use of Pesticides 264

11.4 AuNP/MPS/Au Electrode Sensing Layer-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Pesticide Monitoring 265

11.5 Citrate-Stabilized AuNP-Based Optical Biosensor for Rapid Pesticide Residue Detection of Terbuthylazine and Dimethoate 266

11.6 Piezoelectric Biosensor for Rapid Detection of Pesticide Residue 267

11.7 Amperometric Acetylcholinesterase Biosensor Based on Gold Nanorods for Detection of Organophosphate Pesticides 272

11.8 Conclusions 275

Acknowledgment 275

References 275

12 Detection of Avian Influenza Virus 289
Waheed S. Khan, and Muhammad Zubair Iqbal

12.1 Introduction 289

12.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)-Based Nanosensor 290

12.2.1 Design of Magnetic Immunoassay Based on SERS Strategy 291

12.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Chemiresistive Biosensors for Label-Free Detection of DNA Sequences 292

12.4 Influenza Virus Detection Using Electrochemical Biosensors 297

12.5 Aptamer-Based Biosensors 303

12.6 Conclusions 304

Acknowledgments 305

References 306

13 Biosensors for Swine Influenza Viruses 311
Madiha Saeed and Aiguo Wu

13.1 Introduction 311

13.2 Diagnostic Methods for Swine Influenza Virus and Their Limitations 312

13.3 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors 313

13.3.1 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 313

13.3.2 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing 315

13.3.3 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors 315

13.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing 319

13.3.5 Others 321

13.4 Conclusion 321

Acknowledgments 322

References 322

14 Biosensors for Detection of Marine Toxins 329
Khizra Bano, Waheed S. Khan, Chuanbao Cao, Rao F.H. Khan, and Thomas J. Webster

14.1 Introduction 329

14.2 Algal Blooms and Marine Toxins 330

14.3 Classification of Marine Toxins, also Known as Biotoxins 330

14.4 Harmful Effect of Marine Toxins on Human Health 335

14.5 Biosensing of Marine Toxins 337

14.5.1 SPR-Based Biosensors for Marine Toxins with Special Reference to Saxitoxin Sensing 338

14.5.2 Detection of Marine Biotoxin in Shellfish 344

14.5.3 Smartphone-Based Portable Detection System for Marine Toxins 345

14.5.4 Superparamagnetic Nanobead-Based Immunochromatographic Assay for Detection of Toxic Marine Algae 347

14.5.5 Gold Nanorod Aggregation-Based Optical Biosensor for Rapid Endotoxin Detection 349

14.6 Conclusion 350

Acknowledgments 351

References 351

15 Smartphone-Based Biosensors 357
Muhammad Rizwan Younis, Chen Wang, Muhammad Adnan Younis, and Xing-Hua Xia

15.1 Introduction 357

15.2 Smartphone-Based Devices andTheir Applications 360

15.3 Rapid GMR Biosensor Platform with Smartphone Interface 363

15.4 Smartphone-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Portable Detection of Clenbuterol 367

15.5 Biosensing of Metal Ions by a Novel 3D-Printable Smartphone 369

15.6 Ambient Light-Based Optical Biosensing Platform with Smartphone-Embedded Illumination Sensor 372

15.7 Smartphone Optical Biosensor Point-of-Care Diagnostics 374

15.8 Monitoring of Cardiovascular Diseases at the Point of Care by Smartphone 377

15.9 Smartphone-Based Sensing System Using ZnO- and Graphene-Modified Electrodes for VOCs Detection 379

15.10 Use of Smartphone Technology in Cardiology 381

15.11 Smartphone-Based Enzymatic Biosensor for Oral Fluid l-Lactate Detection 383

15.12 Conclusions 385

Acknowledgments 385

References 385

Index 389