경제발전과 소득분배

제 1 장 경제발전과 소득분배의 만남········································· 1

1. 경제발전의 의미····················································· 2

2. 소득분배의 의미····················································· 4

2.1 형평성과 소득분배 5

2.2 소득불평등의 중요성 8

2.3 분배의 유형 10

3. 경제발전과 소득분배의 만남········································· 12

4. 본서의 목적 및 구성················································ 14

4.1 본서의 목적 14

4.2 본서의 구성 15

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································· 17



제 2 장 기초 소득분배 이론·················································19

1. 소득분배의 측정···················································· 20

1.1 기능별 소득분배와 계층별 소득분배 20

1.2 10분위 분배율 20

1.3 로렌츠 곡선 21

1.4 지니계수 22

1.5 앳킨슨 지수 24

2. 소득분배의 불평등 원인 ············································ 26

2.1 개인 능력의 차이 27

2.2 정부의 역할 27

2.3 교육수준의 차이 27

2.4 기술진보 29

2.5 무역개방도 292.6 금융시장의 불완전성 30

2.7 인플레이션 30

2.8 사회제도 혹은 경제정책 31

2.9 기회의 장벽 31

3. 소득분배의 불평등 결과············································· 32

3.1 경제성장 32

3.2 재정지출 32

3.3 교육투자 33

3.4 기술진보 34

3.5 무역개방도 34

3.6 기타의 영향 35

4. 우리나라의 소득분배················································ 35

5. 세계의 소득분배···················································· 38

5.1 세계의 소득분배 추이 38

5.2 OECD 국가의 소득불평등의 변화 40

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································· 45



제 3 장 경제성장, 경제발전 및 소득분배·····································47

1. 경제성장과 발전단계················································ 48

1.1 마르크스의 경제발전 단계 48

1.2 로스토우의 경제발전 단계 50

2. 소득수준과 소득분배················································ 53

3. 쿠즈네츠의 역U자 가설············································· 58

3.1 ‘역U자 가설’이란? 58

3.2 ‘역U자 가설’의 이론적 배경 60

3.3 실증적 검정 63

4. 소득분배와 경제성장················································ 65

4.1 전통적 이론 65

4.2 현대의 정치경제학적 접근 68

4.3 통합한 견해 71

4.4 최근의 실증분석 결과 72

[생각해 볼 문제]·······················································76



제 4 장 정부의 역할과 정치 체제의 선택·····································77

1. 정부의 역할과 크기 및 정치 체제····································· 78

1.1 자본주의 역사와 정부의 역할 78

1.2 정치 체제의 선택에 따른 소득분배 80

1.3 민주주의 발전과 정부의 크기 82

2. 경제발전과 정부의 성장 ············································ 85

2.1 바그너 법칙 85

2.2 바그너 법칙의 전달경로 87

2.3 정부의 크기와 경제성장 89

3. 재정지출과 소득분배················································ 93

3.1 중위투표자 이론 93

3.2 소득불평등과 재정지출 97

3.3 실증분석 결과 99

4. 재정지출의 기능별 구성············································100

5. 선거제도와 소득불평등·············································104

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································106



제 5 장 무역과 기술진보················································· 107

1. 무역과 경제발전···················································108

1.1 무역에 관한 전통적인 논의 108

1.2 경제발전과 무역의 역할 110

2. 기술진보와 경제성장···············································112

3. 무역과 소득분배···················································115

3.1 국제경제학의 기초 이론 115

3.2 실증분석 결과 118

3.3 무역과 성별 임금불평등 121

차 례 ● vii3.4 생산요소의 국제 간 이동 122

4. 기술진보와 소득분배···············································124

4.1 기술진보와 임금격차 124

4.2 소득불평등과 수요의 제약 129

5. 소득불평등, 무역개방도 및 기술진보································132

6. 초기의 소득불평등과 보호무역주의··································135

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································138



제 6 장 교육투자의 중요성··············································· 139

1. 교육과 경제발전···················································140

1.1 교육투자와 경제성장 140

1.2 교육투자와 소득분배 143

2. 교육투자 지표 · ···················································147

2.1 교육비지출 147

2.2 취학률 149

2.3 인적자본의 축적 150

2.4 기타의 교육지표 152

3. 인적자본분포의 불평등·············································154

4. 교육기관별 교육투자···············································156

4.1 초·중등교육과 고등교육 간의 차이점 156

4.2 고등교육과 지대추구행위 157

4.3 교육기관별 취학률과 교육비지출 160

5. 교육을 통한 소득의 세대 간 이동성··································162

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································165



제 7 장 부패의 해악····················································· 167

1. 경제학에서 부패···················································168

1.1 부패의 정의 1681.2 부패의 유형 169

1.3 부패에 대한 고조된 관심 170

2. 부패와 경제성장···················································172

2.1 부패의 측정 172

2.2 부패의 긍정적 영향 176

2.3 부패의 부정적 영향 178

3. 부패와 소득분배···················································180

3.1 직접적 상호연관성 180

3.2 간접적 전달경로 184

4. 자원배분의 왜곡···················································191

4.1 노동력 분포 191

4.2 천연자원 192

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································195



제 8 장 도시화와 환경오염··············································· 197

1. 도시화의 정의, 유형 및 현황········································198

2. 도시화와 경제발전·················································200

2.1 경제발전에 대한 도시화의 긍정적 영향 200

2.2 경제발전에 대한 도시화의 부정적 영향 202

2.3 도시화와 경제성장 : 종합 204

3. 도시?농촌 간 이주·················································207

3.1 토다로 모형 207

3.2 해리스?토다로 모형 209

4. 경제발전과 환경오염···············································212

4.1 환경오염의 정의 및 측정 212

4.2 환경 쿠즈네츠 가설 214

5. 소득불평등과 환경오염·············································218

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································224제



제 9 장 금융발전과 금융위기············································· 225

1. 금융과 경제발전 · ·················································226

1.1 금융발전의 변수선택 226

1.2 금융발전과 경제발전 230

2. 금융활동과 소득불평등·············································234

2.1 금융시장의 불완전성 234

2.2 트리클?다운 효과와 소득불평등 237

3. 금융발전과 민간저축률·············································241

4. 금융위기··························································243

4.1 금융위기의 원인 244

4.2 1997~98년 우리나라의 금융위기 245

4.3 2008년 글로벌 금융위기 248

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································251



제 10 장 세계화의 진행··················································· 253

1. 세계화의 정의, 특징 및 측정········································254

1.1 세계화의 정의 254

1.2 세계화의 경제적 특징 255

1.3 세계화의 측정 257

2. 세계화와 경제발전·················································261

2.1 세계화와 경제성장 261

2.2 OECD 국가의 국가경쟁력 현황 263

3. 세계화와 소득분배·················································269

4. 국가의 수와 국가 간 경제통합······································272

4.1 정치적 독립과 경제적 통합 272

4.2 정치적 독립의 지속성 277

4.3 정치적 분권화와 소득불평등 277

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································280



제 11 장 경제발전과 사회복지············································· 281

1. 사회복지의 필요성·················································282

1.1 사회복지의 정의와 필요성 282

1.2 사회복지와 경제성장 283

1.3 복지지출의 구성과 경제성장 285

2. 복지국가와 재정정책···············································288

2.1 재정정책의 목표 및 이론 288

2.2 우리나라의 사회정책 변화와 재정확충 291

3. 소득재분배 정책···················································293

3.1 조세의 소득재분배 293

3.2 재정지출의 역할 295

3.3 사회보장제도 297

4. 유형별 복지국가의 복지지출········································300

4.1 복지국가의 유형 300

4.2 유형별 복지국가의 복지지출 현황 302

4.3 우리나라의 복지지출 논쟁 305

[생각해 볼 문제]······················································310

참고문헌·································································· 311

찾아보기·