Variation-Aware Adaptive Voltage Scaling for Digital Cmos Circuits (Hardcover)

1 Introduction. 2 Sources of Variation. 2.1 Process Variations. 2.2 Voltage Variations. 2.3 Temperature Variations. 2.4 Aging. 2.5 Summary. 3 Related Work. 3.1 Dynamic Voltage Scaling. 3.2 Adaptive Voltage Scaling. 4 Adaptive Voltage Scaling by In-situ Delay Monitoring. 4.1 Principle of Operation. 4.2 Overall AVS Control Loop. 5 Design of In-situ Delay Monitors. 5.1 Delay-element based Pre-Error Flip-Flop. 5.2 Duty-Cycle based Pre-Error Flip-Flops. 5.3 Comparison of In-situ Delay Monitors. 6 Modeling the AVS Control Loop. 6.1 Simulation Methodology. 6.2 Markov Model of the Pre-Error AVS System. 6.3 Stability of the Control Loop. 7 Evaluation of the Pre-Error AVS Approach. 7.1 Power Saving Potential and Reliability. 7.2 Application of Pre-Error AVS for an Image Processing Circuit. 8 Conclusion. A Appendix. A.1 Mathematical Derivation: Path Delay under Local Variations. A.2 2-D DCT Transform. References.