Pacific's Human Physiology 인체생리학

1 생리학 서론 _11
1. 항상성과 조절 ··········································13
1) 음성피드백(음성되먹임) ························· 13
2) 양성피드백(양성되먹임) ························· 14
3) 길항작용 ················································· 15
핵심내용정리 ··················································16
2 세포와 체액생리 _17
1. 세포 ···························································19
1) 세포막 ···················································· 20
2) 세포질과 세포소기관 ····························· 20
3) 핵 ··························································· 25
2. 체액 ···························································25
3. 세포막을 통한 물질의 이동 ·····················26
1) 수동수송 ················································· 26
2) 능동수송 ················································· 28
3) 세포내이입과 세포외유출 ······················ 30
4) 막전위와 활동전위 ································· 31
핵심내용정리 ··················································34
3 근육과 운동생리 _35
1. 뼈대근육(골격근) ········································37
1) 뼈대근육의 구조 ···································· 37
2) 신경근육이음부(신경근접합부) ··············· 41
3) 뼈대근육의 수축 ···································· 41
4) 근육 수축의 생리학 ······························· 44
2. 민무늬근(평활근) ········································49
1) 민무늬근의 분류 ···································· 49
2) 민무늬근의 수축기전 ····························· 50
3. 운동시 호흡기계의 변화 ··························52
4. 운동시 심혈관계의 변화 ··························53
5. 운동시 체온과 전해질 균형 ·····················54
6. 운동과 약물 ··············································55
핵심내용정리 ··················································57
4 심장생리 _59
1. 심장근육(심근) ···········································61
1) 고유심근의 구조 ···································· 61
2) 심장근육의 활동전위 ····························· 62
3) 심장근육의 수축 ···································· 63
2. 심장의 흥분전도계 ···································63
1) 동굴심방결절(동방결절) ························· 63
2) 방실결절 ················································· 65
3) 방실다발(히스다발) ································ 65
4) 푸르킨예섬유 ·········································· 65
3. 심장주기 ···················································66
4. 심장 판막 ··················································67
5. 심장의 혈류순환 ·······································68
6. 심음 ···························································68
7. 심장기능의 조절 ·······································70
8. 심전도 ·······················································71
1) 심전도 유도 ··········································· 71
2) 심전도 파형의 분석 ······························· 74
3) 심전도의 파와 분절 ······························· 74
핵심내용정리 ··················································78
5 순환생리 _79
1. 혈류, 혈압, 혈류저항 ·······························81
1) 혈류 ························································ 81
2) 혈압 ························································ 83
3) 혈류저항 ················································· 83
2. 혈 관 ·························································83
1) 동맥 ························································ 84
2) 소동맥과 세동맥 ···································· 85
3) 모세혈관 ················································· 85
4) 정맥 ························································ 85
3. 모세혈관에서의 물질교환 ·························86
4. 림프계 ·······················································86
5. 혈류량의 조절 ··········································87
1) 국소혈류량의 조절 ································· 87
2) 심박출량의 조절 ···································· 90
6. 혈압의 조절 ··············································91
1) 혈압 ························································ 91
2) 혈압의 측정 ··········································· 91
3) 혈압의 신경성 조절 ······························· 92
4) 콩팥(신장)에 의한 혈압조절 ·················· 94
핵심내용정리 ··················································96
6 배설생리 _97
1. 콩팥(신장)의 기능과 구조 ·························99
1) 콩팥의 기능 ··········································· 99
2) 콩팥의 구조 ··········································· 99
2. 소변의 형성 ············································102
1) 토리의 여과 ·········································· 102
2) 세뇨관 재흡수와 분비 ·························· 103
3) 콩팥 청소율(신장 청소율) ···················· 109
3. 세포바깥액의 전해질균형 ·······················110
1) 수분조절 ··············································· 110
2) 전해질 조절 ·········································· 112
3) 산－염기 조절 ······································ 115
4. 소변의 배출 ············································116
1) 방광 ······················································ 117
2) 요도 ······················································ 117
3) 배뇨반사 ··············································· 117
핵심내용정리 ···············································119
7 혈액과 면역생리 _121
1. 혈액의 구성 ············································123
2. 적혈구 ·····················································124
1) 적혈구의 생성 ······································ 124
2) 헤모글로빈(혈색소) ······························ 126
3) 적혈구의 수명과 파괴 ·························· 126
4) 적혈구의 기능 ······································ 126
3. 백혈구 ·····················································127
1) 백혈구의 종류와 생성 ·························· 127
2) 백혈구의 기능 ······································ 128
4. 혈소판 ·····················································131
5. 지혈과 혈액응고 ·····································131
1) 혈관수축 ··············································· 131
2) 혈소판 마개 형성 ································· 131
3) 혈액응고 ··············································· 132
4) 혈액응고의 조절 ·································· 134
6. 면역 ························································135
1) 후천면역(획득면역) ······························ 135
2) 림프구 ·················································· 135
3) 예방접종과 수동면역 ··························· 140
4) 알러지 ·················································· 140
7. 혈액형 ·····················································141
1) ABO식 혈액형 ····································· 142
2) Rh혈액형 ·············································· 143
3) 수혈 부작용 ·········································· 144
4) 조직이식 ··············································· 144
핵심내용정리 ···············································145
8 호흡생리 _147
1. 호흡기계의 구조와 역학 ························149
1) 기관, 기관지 및 세기관지 ··················· 149
2) 허파와 호흡을 통한 기체교환 ············· 151
3) 허파환기의 역학 ·································· 153
4) 허파용적과 허파용량 ··························· 155
5) 코안과 후두 ·········································· 156
2. 허파순환(폐순환) ······································158
1) 허파순환계의 구조 ······························· 158
2) 허파순환의 혈압 ·································· 158
3) 허파순환의 혈류 ·································· 158
4) 허파모세혈관의 압력 ··························· 160
3. 허파꽈리에서의 기체교환 ·······················162
1) 확산과 분압 ·········································· 162
2) 호흡단위 ··············································· 162
3) 허파꽈리의 기체조성 ··························· 163
4) 기체교환 ··············································· 164
5) 환기관류비 ··········································· 165
4. 혈액에 의한 기체운반 ····························166
1) 산소의 운반 ·········································· 166
2) 조직에서 산소의 이용 ·························· 168
3) 이산화탄소의 운반 ······························· 168
4) 용해된 산소의 운반 ····························· 169
5) 일산화탄소 ··········································· 170
5. 호흡의 조절 ············································170
1) 호흡중추 ··············································· 170
2) 호흡의 화학적 조절 ····························· 172
3) 운동 시의 호흡조절 ····························· 173
4) 호흡의 이상 ·········································· 173
핵심내용정리 ···············································174
9 신경생리 _175
1. 신경계의 구성 ········································177
1) 신경세포(신경원) ·································· 177
2) 신경아교세포 ········································ 179
3) 감각신경 ··············································· 181
4) 운동신경 ··············································· 182
5) 신경계의 통합기능 ······························· 183
2. 중추신경계의 기능적 분류 ·····················183
1) 신경세포의 신호전달 ··························· 183
3. 감각수용기 ··············································189
1) 감각수용기의 종류 ······························· 189
2) 수용기의 적응 ······································ 190
3) 신경섬유의 분류 ·································· 190
4) 감각신경에서 가중 ······························· 190
4. 감각의 감지와 전달 ·······························191
1) 촉각 ······················································ 191
2) 촉각의 전달 ·········································· 192
3) 위치감각 ··············································· 196
4) 통증 ······················································ 196
5) 통증 신호의 억제 ································· 197
6) 내장통과 연관통 ·································· 197
7) 온도 ······················································ 198
핵심내용정리 ···············································200
10 특수감각생리 _203
1. 시각 ························································205
1) 안구 ······················································ 205
2) 눈의 광학 ············································· 207
3) 시력 ······················································ 208
4) 망막의 구조 ·········································· 209
5) 원뿔세포와 막대세포 ··························· 210
6) 망막 감수성의 조절 ····························· 211
7) 시각의 전달 ·········································· 212
2. 청각 ························································214
1) 달팽이관까지 소리의 전도 ··················· 214
2) 달팽이관 ··············································· 215
3) 청각이 전해지는 경로 ·························· 219
4) 청각이상 ··············································· 220
3. 미각 ························································220
1) 맛봉오리(미뢰) ····································· 220
2) 미각의 전달 ·········································· 222
4. 후각 ························································224
1) 후각상피세포 ········································ 224
2) 후각의 전달 ·········································· 225
5. 회전, 균형감각 ·······································225
핵심내용정리 ···············································229
11 신경계의 통합 _231
1. 척수 ························································233
1) 척수의 구조 ·········································· 234
2) 근육의 조절 ·········································· 235
3) 척수에서 일어나는 반사 ······················ 237
2. 대뇌겉질과 뇌줄기 ·································238
1) 운동겉질과 겉질척수로 ························ 239
2) 뇌줄기(뇌간) ········································· 243
3. 소뇌 ························································243
1) 소뇌의 구조 ·········································· 244
2) 운동회로에서 소뇌의 기능 ··················· 245
3) 소뇌의 신경회로 ·································· 246
4. 바닥핵 ·····················································247
1) 피각회로 ··············································· 247
2) 꼬리핵회로 ··········································· 247
3) 신경전달물질 ········································ 249
5. 대뇌 ························································249
1) 대뇌겉질의 구조 ·································· 249
2) 대뇌겉질의 기능 ·································· 250
3) 변연계 ·················································· 252
4) 뇌의 활동상태 ······································ 254
6. 자율신경계 ··············································258
1) 자율신경계의 구조 ······························· 258
2) 신경전달물질 ········································ 260
3) 자율신경계의 기능 ······························· 262
4) 부신 ······················································ 263
5) 중추신경계에 의한 자율신경계의 조절··· 264
7. 뇌혈류와 대사 ········································264
1) 뇌혈관 ·················································· 264
2) 뇌혈류의 조절 ······································ 266
3) 뇌척수액 ··············································· 267
4) 뇌의 대사 ············································· 270
핵심내용정리 ···············································271
12 소화생리 _273
1. 소화기계의 구조와 조절, 혈액순환 ·······276
1) 소화기계의 구조 ·································· 276
2) 위장관 민무늬근(평활근)의 수축 ········· 277
3) 소화기계의 조절 ·································· 277
4) 위장관의 운동 ······································ 279
5) 위장관의 혈액순환 ······························· 280
2. 소화관에서 일어나는 음식물의 이동과 혼합
·······························································283
1) 입안(구강) ············································ 283
2) 인두 ······················································ 284
3) 식도 ······················································ 285
4) 위 ························································· 286
5) 작은창자(소장) ····································· 288
6) 잘록창자(결장) ····································· 291
3. 소화관에서 일어나는 분비 ·····················293
1) 분비가 일어나는 기본기전 ··················· 293
2) 침샘(타액선) ········································· 295
3) 식도 ······················································ 296
4) 위 ························································· 298
5) 이자(췌장) ············································ 301
6) 간담도계 ··············································· 304
7) 작은창자(소장) ····································· 308
8) 큰창자(대장) ········································· 309
4. 위장관에서 일어나는 소화와 흡수 ········310
1) 탄수화물의 소화 ·································· 310
2) 단백질의 소화 ······································ 312
3) 지방의 소화 ·········································· 314
4) 수분과 전해질의 흡수 ·························· 315
5) 영양소의 흡수 ······································ 317
6) 큰창자에서의 흡수와 대변의 형성 ······ 319
5. 위장관 장애 ············································320
1) 위장관의 일반적인 장애 ······················ 320
2) 식도의 장애 ·········································· 322
3) 위의 장애 ············································· 323
4) 작은창자의 장애 ·································· 324
5) 큰창자의 장애 ······································ 325
핵심내용정리 ···············································327
13 내분비생리 _329
1. 호르몬 ·····················································332
1) 호르몬의 합성 ······································ 332
2) 호르몬의 분비와 운반 ·························· 334
3) 호르몬의 작용기전 ······························· 334
4) 혈액 속 호르몬 농도 ··························· 337
2. 뇌하수체와 시상하부 ······························339
1) 뇌하수체 ··············································· 339
2) 시상하부 ··············································· 341
3) 성장호르몬 ··········································· 343
4) 성장호르몬의 분비조절 ························ 344
5) 성장호르몬 분비의 이상 ······················ 345
6) 뇌하수체 뒤엽에서 분비되는 호르몬 ··· 347
3. 갑상샘 ·····················································348
1) 갑상샘호르몬의 합성과 분비 ··············· 349
2) 갑상샘호르몬의 운반 ··························· 351
3) 갑상샘호르몬의 기능 ··························· 351
4) 갑상샘호르몬 분비의 조절 ··················· 354
5) 갑상샘호르몬 분비의 이상 ··················· 355
4. 부신(콩팥위샘) ·········································358
1) 부신겉질호르몬의 합성과 분비 ············ 360
2) 염류코르티코이드의 기능 ···················· 360
3) 알도스테론의 분비 조절 ······················ 362
4) 당류코르티코이드의 기능 ···················· 362
5) 코티솔의 분비 조절 ····························· 364
6) 부신에서 분비되는 성호르몬 ··············· 365
7) 부신겉질호르몬의 분비 이상 ··············· 366
5. 이자 ························································368
1) 인슐린의 합성과 분비 ·························· 370
2) 인슐린의 작용 ······································ 370
3) 인슐린의 기능 ······································ 372
4) 인슐린 분비의 조절 ····························· 375
5) 글루카곤 ··············································· 376
6) 소마토스타틴 ········································ 377
7) 혈당조절 ··············································· 377
8) 당뇨병 ·················································· 378
6. 부갑상샘과 칼슘, 인의 대사 ··················380
1) 칼슘과 인의 기능 ································· 381
2) 칼슘과 인의 흡수, 배설 ······················· 382
3) 뼈에서 일어나는 칼슘과 인의 대사 ···· 383
4) 뼈의 생성과 흡수 ································· 384
5) 비타민 D ·············································· 386
6) 부갑상샘호르몬 ···································· 388
7) 칼시토닌 ··············································· 390
8) 부갑상샘호르몬의 분비 이상 ··············· 390
9) 뼈엉성증(골다공증) ······························ 393
핵심내용정리 ···············································394
14 생식생리 _395
1. 남성의 생식과 남성호르몬 ·····················397
1) 정자형성 ··············································· 397
2) 정자의 성숙과 전달 ····························· 402
3) 정자형성의 이상 ·································· 404
4) 남성의 성행위 ······································ 404
5) 남성호르몬 ··········································· 406
6) 남성 성기능의 이상 ····························· 410
7) 전립샘(전립선) ····································· 412
2. 여성의 생식과 여성호르몬 ·····················413
1) 월경 ······················································ 414
2) 여성호르몬 ··········································· 417
3) 여성호르몬의 조절 ······························· 421
4) 사춘기와 폐경기 ·································· 423
5) 여성의 성행위 ······································ 424
6) 여성 성기능의 이상 ····························· 425
3. 임신과 수유 ············································426
1) 난자의 수정과 착상 ····························· 426
2) 임신 중 호르몬 변화 ··························· 428
3) 분만 ······················································ 432
4) 수유 ······················································ 433
핵심내용정리 ···············································436
15 대사생리 _437
1. 아데노신삼인산 ·······································439
2. 탄수화물의 대사 ·····································440
1) 포도당의 분해에 따른 ATP 생성 ········ 440
2) 산소가 없는 상황에서 포도당 분해 ···· 442
3) 인산 펜토스 경로 ································· 443
4) 포도당 분해의 조절 ····························· 443
5) 글리코겐의 합성과 분해 ······················ 444
6) 포도당신합성 ········································ 445
3. 지질대사 ·················································446
1) 지질의 흡수 ·········································· 446
2) 지질의 이동 ·········································· 447
3) 지질단백질 ··········································· 448
4) 지방의 저장 ·········································· 449
5) 지방을 통한 에너지의 생성 ················· 449
6) 중성지방의 합성 ·································· 451
7) 지방 이용의 조절 ································· 452
8) 인지질과 콜레스테롤 ··························· 452
4. 단백질 대사 ············································454
1) 아미노산의 흡수와 운반 ······················ 455
2) 혈장단백질의 기능 ······························· 455
3) 필수아미노산 ········································ 457
4) 단백질의 분해 ······································ 457
5. 간의 대사기능 ········································459
1) 간에서 일어나는 대사 ·························· 459
2) 빌리루빈의 생성과 배설 ······················ 460
6. 섭취와 소비 ············································462
1) 에너지원으로서의 탄수화물, 지방, 단백질
····························································· 462
2) 식품 섭취와 에너지 저장의 조절 ········ 462
3) 비만 ······················································ 462
4) 기아 ······················································ 464
5) 비타민 ·················································· 465
핵심내용정리 ···············································466
참고문헌 _467
찾아보기 _469