Toxicology of 1 - 3-Beta-Glucans : Glucans as a Marker for Fungal Exposure (Hardcover)

INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF b-GLUCANS, D. Williams, D. Lowman, and H. EnsleyIntroductionWhat are Fungal Glucans? Physicochemical Characterization of GlucansImmunobiology of GlucansRecognition and Binding of Glucans by Membrane ReceptorsThe Influence of Glucan Polymer Molecular Weight, Structure and Solution Conformation on Binding to (1®3)-ß-D-Glucan ReceptorsGlucan Receptors Differentially Recognize Glucan Polymers Based on Solution Conformation and Molecular WeightIdentification of Dectin-1 and Scavenger Receptors as Glucan Specific Membrane ReceptorsActivation of Pro-Inflammatory and Immunoregulatory Intracellular Signaling Pathways by GlucansEffect of Glucans on Cytokine and Growth Factor ExpressionAnti-Inflammatory Activity of GlucansConclusionsReferencesHEALTH EFFECTS OF (1?3)-?-GLUCAN: THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, J. Douwes IntroductionField StudiesHuman Challenge StudiesThe Epidemiological Evidence Control of (1?3)-ß-D-Glucan Exposure in the Home and Work EnvironmentResearch NeedsConclusionsReferences(1®3)-b-D-GLUCAN IN THE ENVIRONMENT - A RISK ASSESSMENT, R. RylanderIntroductionGeneral ConsiderationsAnimal Inhalation StudiesHuman Inhalation StudiesSynthesisApplication to Field StudiesEnvironmental Risk EvaluationConclusionReferencesANIMAL MODEL OF (1®3)-b-D-GLUCANS-INDUCED PULMONARY INFLAMMATION IN RATS, S.-H. Young and V. CastranovaIntroduction: Why Study 1®3-b-Glucans?What is the Cause of Controversy Regarding Glucan-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation Studies?Important Factors Determining the Biological Activity of 1®3-b-GlucansWhy Choose Zymosan as the Test Glucan in Animal Studies?Similarities between Symptoms Observed in Workers and Responses in an Animal ModelParameters Monitored in the Animal ModelDose-Response Relationship of Zymosan A-Induced Pulmonary InflammationTime Course of Recovery from Zymosan A ExposureWhich form of Zymosan, Soluble or Particulate, Causes Greater Inflammation?Which Conformation of Particulate Zymosan A, Partially Open Triple-Helix vs. Closed Triple-Helix, Induces Greater Pulmonary Inflammation in Rats ?Conclusions from Zymosan-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation StudiesPre-Treatment with 1®3-b-Glucans Modifies Endotoxin ResponseConclusion and Need for Developing Methods for Analyzing Insoluble Glucans Referencesb-GLUCANS RECEPTOR(S) AND THEIR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, Y. AdachiIntroductionSoluble b-Glucan Recognition Proteins1,3-b-Glucan Receptors on the Plasma Membrane of LeukocytesConcluding RemarksReferencesFATE OF b-GLUCANS IN VIVO, -- ORGAN DISTRIBUTION AND DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF FUNGAL b-GLUCANS IN THE BODY, N.N. MiuraIntroductionStudy of Organ Distribution Using a Metabolically Labeled form of SSG from Sclerotinia sclerotiorumStudy of Blood b-Glucan Concentrations Using the Limulus TestAnalysis of Internal Accumulation Using a Metabolically Labeled Form of CandidaMeasurement of Amounts of Candida Cells Accumulating in OrgansRelationship Between b-Glucan Dosage and Duration of Antitumor ActivitySolubilization of b-Glucans from Candida CellsConclusionReferencesADJUVANT EFFECTS OF b-GLUCANS IN A MOUSE MODEL FOR ALLERGY, H. Ormstad and G. HetlandAbstract IntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionReferencesENDOGENOUS SEPTIC SHOCK BY COMBINATION OF b-GLUCAN AND NSAIDS, N. OhnoIntroductionExpression of Lethal Toxicity by Concomitant Administration of Microbial Components and NSAIDsChanges in Inflammatory and Immune Parameters During Concomitant Administration of b-Glucan and IndometacinIncreased Sensitivity to Endotoxin Due to Concomitant Administration of b-Glucan and IndometacinEffects of Nitric Oxide in the Appearance of Lethal Side Effects Caused by b-GlucansStrain Differences in Response to b-GlucansConclusionReferencesPARTICULATE AND SOLUBLE b-GLUCANS FROM CANDIDA ALBICANS MODULATE CYTOKINE RELEASE FROM HUMAN LEUKOCYTES, K.-I. Ishibashi, Y. Nakagawa, N. Ohno, and T. MuraiSummaryIntroductionPreparation and Biological Activity of Candida Cell Wall b-GlucansHigher Order Structure of GlucansAnti-CSBG AntibodyAnalysis of Gene Expression in Leukocytes Activating Candida Cell Wall b-Glucans Using the DNA Microarray MethodConclusionReferencesDETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF (1®3)-b-D-GLUCAN WITH LIMULUS AMEBOCYTE BASED REAGENTS, M. Finkelman and H. TamuraIntroductionStructure of (1®3)-b-D-Glucan Measurement of (1®3)-b-D-Glucan by LAL(1®3)-b-D-Glucan-Specific Photometric TechniquesApplications of (1®3)-b-D-Glucan-Specific LALSummaryReferencesCLINICAL UTILIZATION OF THE MEASUREMENT OF (1®3)-b-GLUCAN IN BLOOD, T. ObayashiIntroductionMethodologyClinical implicationsReferences