Introduction to Hydrogeology : UNESCO-Ihe Delft Lecture Note Series (Paperback, 2 Rev ed)

FOREWORD VII

1 INTRODUCTION 1

• 1.1 General background 1
• 1.1.1 The scope of the science 1
• 1.1.2 The application of hydrogeology 2
• 1.1.3 Historical background of the science 5
• 1.1.4 History of groundwater use 8
• 1.2 Hydrological systems 10
• 1.2.1 Earth and water 10
• 1.2.2 Water at land surface 15
• 1.2.3 Surface water systems 21
• 1.2.4 The unsaturated zone 24
• 1.2.5 Groundwater systems 29

2 ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER 39

• 2.1 Basic concepts 39
• 2.1.1 Physical properties of water and rock 39
• 2.1.2 Groundwater system terminology 46
• 2.2 Formation of groundwater systems 52
• 2.2.1 Groundwater systems in metamorphic and intrusive rock 52
• 2.2.2 Development of aquifers in volcanic rock 56
• 2.2.3 Aquifer formation in consolidated sediments 59
• 2.2.4 Unconsolidated sediments and groundwater systems 66
• 2.3 Groundwater exploration methods 70
• 2.3.1 Methods at land surface 70
• 2.3.2 Subsurface investigation methods 76

3 GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT 79

• 3.1 Principles of groundwater flow 79
• 3.1.1 Groundwater flow in unconsolidated rock 79
• 3.1.2 Groundwater flow in consolidated rock 93
• 3.2 Flow in groundwater systems 97
• 3.2.1 Basic concepts 97
• 3.2.2 Regional groundwater flow 101
• 3.2.3 Local groundwater flow 122
• 3.2.4 Pumping test methodology 127
• 3.3 The flow systems concept 129
• 3.3.1 Formation of flow systems 129
• 3.3.2 Flow computations 132

4 WATER BALANCES 135

• 4.1 Groundwater balance concepts 135
• 4.1.1 The general idea 135
• 4.1.2 Practical application of groundwater balances 140
• 4.2 Groundwater balance estimation methods 142
• 4.2.1 Basic concepts and recharge 142
• 4.2.2 Discharge and storage 150
• 4.2.3 Groundwater balances using flow computations and modelling 153
• 4.3 Groundwater balances and their environment 155
• 4.3.1 Groundwater recharge and climate 155
• 4.3.2 Groundwater balances and geology 160

5 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY 169

• 5.1 Groundwater and chemical processes 169
• 5.1.1 Chemical properties of water and rock 169
• 5.1.2 Development of groundwater chemistry 180
• 5.1.3 Assessment of groundwater chemistry 187
• 5.2 Groundwater chemistry and rock types 192
• 5.2.1 Groundwater chemistry in consolidated rocks 192
• 5.2.2 Groundwater chemistry in unconsolidated rocks 195

6 DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDWATER 199

• 6.1 Groundwater management 199
• 6.1.1 Water management 199
• 6.1.2 The role of groundwater 202
• 6.2 Groundwater planning and investigations 204
• 6.2.1 Water planning 204
• 6.2.2 Selection of investigation methods 206
• 6.2.3 Groundwater monitoring 200
• 6.3 Groundwater resources studies 211
• 6.3.1 Regional groundwater availability 211
• 6.3.2 Groundwater demand 220
• 6.3.3 Local groundwater development 223

EXERCISES 231

SELECTED ANSWERS TO EXERCICES 245

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 247

REGISTER 255