Radiation Detection: Concepts, Methods, and Devices (Hardcover)

1 Origins1.1 A Brief History of Radiation Discovery1.2 A Brief History of Radiation Detectors 2 Introduction to Nuclear Instrumentation2.1 Introduction2.2 The Detector2.3 Nuclear Instrumentation2.4 History of NIM Development2.5 NIM components2.6 CAMAC2.7 Nuclear Instruments other than NIM or CAMAC2.8 Cables and Connectors 3 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Physics3.1 Modern Physics Concepts3.2 Highlights in the Evolution of Atomic Theory3.3 Development of the Modern Atom Model3.4 Quantum Mechanics3.5 The Fundamental Constituents of Ordinary Matter3.6 Nuclear Reactions3.7 Radioactivity 4 Radiation Interactions4.1 Introduction4.2 Indirectly Ionizing Radiation4.3 Scattering Interactions4.4 Photon Cross Sections4.5 Neutron Interactions4.6 Charged-Particle Interactions 5 Sources of Radiation5.2 Sources of Gamma Rays5.3 Sources of X Rays5.4 Sources of Neutrons5.5 Sources of Charged Particles5.6 Cosmic Rays 6 Probability and Statistics for Radiation Counting6.1 Introduction6.2 Probability and Cumulative Distribution Functions6.3 Mode, Mean and Median6.4 Variance and Standard Deviation of a PDF6.5 Probability Data Distributions6.6 Binomial Distribution6.6.1 Radioactive Decay and the Binomial Distribution6.7 Poisson Distribution6.8 Gaussian or Normal Distribution6.9 Error Propagation6.10 Data Interpretation 7 Source and Detector Effects7.1 Detector Efficiency7.2 Source Effects7.3 Detector Effects7.4 Geometric Effects: View Factors7.5 Geometric Corrections: Detector Parallax Effects 8 Essential Electrostatics8.1 Electric Field8.2 Electrical Potential Energy8.3 Capacitance8.4 Current and Stored Energy8.5 Basics of Charge Induction8.6 Charge Induction for a Planar Detector8.7 Charge Induction for a Cylindrical Detector8.8 Charge Induction for Spherical and Hemispherical Detectors8.9 Concluding Remarks 9 Gas-Filled Detectors: Ion Chambers9.1 General Operation9.2 Electrons and Ions in Gas9.3 Recombination9.4 Ion Chamber Operation9.5 Ion Chamber Designs9.6 Summary 10 Gas-Filled Detectors: Proportional Counters10.1 Introduction10.2 General Operation10.3 Townsend Avalanche Multiplication10.4 Gas Dependence10.5 Proportional Counter Operation10.6 Selected Proportional Counter Variations 11 Gas-Filled Detectors: Geiger-M¨uller Counters11.1 Geiger Discharge11.2 Basic Design11.3 Fill Gases11.4 Pulse Shape11.5 Radiation Measurements11.6 Special G-M Counter Designs11.7 Commercial G-M Counters 12 Review of Solid State Physics 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Solid State Physics 12.3 Quantum Mechanics 12.4 Semiconductor Physics 12.5 Charge Transport 12.6 Summary 13 Scintillation Detectors and Materials 13.1 Scintillation Detectors 13.2 Inorganic Scintillators 13.3 Organic Scintillators 13.4 Gaseous Scintillators 14 Light Collection Devices 14.1 Photomultiplier Tubes 14.2 Semiconductor Photodetectors 15 Basics of Semiconductor Detector Devices 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Charge Carrier Collection 15.3 Basic Semiconductor Detector Configurations 15.4 Measurements of Semiconductor Detector Properties 15.5 Charge Induction 16.1 Introduction 16.2 General Semiconductor Properties 16.3 Semiconductor Detector Applications 16.4 Detectors Based on Group IV Materials 16.5 Compound Semiconductor Detectors 16.6 Additional Semiconductors of Interest 16.7 Summary 17 Slow Neutron Detectors 17.1 Cross Sections in the 1/v Region 17.2 Slow Neutron Reactions Used for Neutron Detection 17.3 Gas-Filled Slow Neutron Detectors 17.4 Scintillator Slow Neutron Detectors 17.5 Semiconductor Slow Neutron Detectors 17.6 Neutron Diffraction 17.7 Calibration of Slow Neutron Detectors 17.8 Neutron Detection by Foil Activation 17.9 Self Powered Neutron Detectors (SPND) 17.10 Time-of-Flight Methods 18 Fast Neutron Detectors 18.1 Detection Mechanisms 18.2 Detectors Based on Moderation 18.3 Detectors Based on Recoil Scattering 18.4 Semiconductor Fast Neutron Detectors 18.5 Detectors Based on Absorption Reactions 18.6 Summary 19 Luminescent and Additional Detectors 19.1 Luminescent Dosimeters 19.2 Photographic Film 19.3 Track Detectors 19.4 Cryogenic Detectors 19.5 Wavelength-Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) 19.6 ˇCerenkov (Cherenkov) Detectors 20 Radiation Measurements and Spectroscopy 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Basic Concepts 20.3 Detector Response Models 20.4 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy 20.5 Radiation Spectroscopy Measurements 20.6 Factors Affecting Energy Resolution 20.7 Experimental Design 20.8 Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy?Summary 20.9 Charged-Particle Spectroscopy 21 Mitigating Background 21.1 Sources of Background Radiation 21.2 Mitigation of the Radiation Background 21.3 Self-Absorption of Photons 21.4 Electronic Methods for Background Reduction 22 Nuclear Electronics 22.1 Mathematical Transforms 22.2 Pulse Shaping 22.3 Components 22.4 Timing 22.5 Coincidence and Anti-Coincidence 22.6 Instrumentation Standards 22.7 Electronic Noise 22.8 Coaxial Cables A Basic Atomic Data and Conversion Factors A.1 Fundamental Physical Constants A.2 The Periodic Table A.3 Physical Properties and Abundances of Elements A.4 SI Units A.5 Internet Data Sources B Cross Sections and Related Data B.1 Data Tables B.1.1 Thermal Neutron Interactions B.1.2 Photon Interactions