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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 물리학 > 원자력
· ISBN : 9781439846384
· 쪽수 : 472쪽
· 출판일 : 2014-08-27
목차
Section I?Fundamentals OverviewIntroductionAtomic and Planar DensitiesEnergy and ParticlesThe Bohr Velocity and RadiusSuggested ReadingKinematicsKinematics of Elastic CollisionsClassical Two-Particle ScatteringThe Classical Scattering IntegralReferencesSuggested ReadingCross SectionIntroductionAngular Differential Scattering Cross SectionRutherford Differential Cross SectionNon-Rutherford Cross SectionsReferencesSuggested ReadingIon StoppingIntroductionThe Energy-Loss ProcessStopping Cross SectionElectronic Stopping Effective Charge of Moving Ions High-Energy Electronic Energy LossStopping Calculations Using SRIMEnergy Loss in Compounds?Bragg’s RuleElectronic Energy StragglingAppendix: The Classical Impulse Approximation to the Scattering IntegralReferencesSuggested ReadingBackscattering SpectrometryIntroductionExperimental SetupEnergy Loss and Depth Scale Surface Energy and Mean Energy Approximation Compound TargetsScattering Cross Section and the Shape of the Backscattering SpectrumComposition and Depth ProfilesExamples Thin Film Reaction Analysis Ion ImplantationHigh-Energy Backscattering and the Elastic Resonance of 8.8 MeV He with 16OReferencesSuggested ReadingElastic Recoil Detection AnalysisIntroductionERD KinematicsRecoil Particle IdentificationRecoil Cross Sections Deviations from the Rutherford Recoil Cross SectionsConventional Range-Foil ERD Mass Resolution Energy Resolution Energy Straggling Geometrical Energy Spread (or Broadening) Multiple Scattering Depth Resolution Ideal Recoil Energy Spectrum Surface Spectrum Height of a Thick Target Recoil Yield from a Thin Target Actual Recoil Energy Spectrum Shape of Recoil Energy Spectrum ERD Sensitivity Quantification of ERDSelected Applications Diffusion of Hydrogen in Polystyrene Measurement of Hydrogen Isotopes by ΔE-E ERD Multielement Analysis with a Heavy Ion TOF-ERDSummaryReferencesSuggested ReadingNuclear Reaction AnalysisIntroduction Compound Nucleus Process Direct Interaction ProcessEnergetics and Kinematics Energetics KinematicsClassification of Nuclear Reactions Elastic Scattering Inelastic Scattering Rearrangement Collisions Radiative CaptureNuclear Energy Levels and Nuclear DecaysNuclear Reaction Cross SectionNuclear Reaction Analysis Particle Energy Spectrum Analysis Reaction Yield Distribution MethodReferencesSuggested ReadingParticle-Induced X-Ray Emission AnalysisIntroductionFundamentals Energies of X-Ray Lines: The Basis for Element Identification X-Ray Line Intensities: The Basis for Concentration QuantificationQuantitative Analysis Intensity?Concentration Relationship Background Radiation Spectrum Fitting PIXE System Calibration Accuracy of PIXE Analysis PIXE Detection LimitsInstrumentation for PIXE Analysis Ion Beam Characteristics X-Ray Detection X-Ray Absorbing FiltersSummaryReferencesSuggested readingIon ChannelingIntroductionChanneling in Single CrystalsTransverse Energy and Critical Angle for ChannelingMinimum YieldEnergy LossDechanneling by Defects Point Defects Dislocation LinesDefect ScatteringDefect Scattering FactorDechanneling and Direct ScatteringReferencesSuggested Reading Section II?ApplicationsThin Film Depth Profiling; Chris Jeynes and Richard L. ThompsonIntroductionExamples of Obtaining Elemental Diffusion Profiles Fickian Diffusion ComplexitiEs: Labelling Nuclear Waste Defluorination: Ambiguity Real Time measurements Artificial neural NetworksExample of an Optical MultilayerExample of Intermixing AnalysisExample of Corrosion AnalysisExample of 3D Analysis for GeologyConclusionsReferencesDefects Measurements of a Crystalline Solid; Lin ShaoIntroduction Ion Implantation Ion ChannelingFinding Channel AxesChannel-Energy ConversionEnergy-Depth ConversionSeparation of Dechanneling Background Line Approximation Iteration Procedure Double Iteration ProcedureDetermination of Impurity DisplacementsDetermination of Strain in a Heterogeneous StructureAppendix: QuickBasic Program for Double Iterative Procedure to Extract Defect ProfileReferencesSuggested ReadingNuclear Energy Research Applications; Yongqiang Wang and Amit MisraIntroductionStability of Helium Ion-Implanted Metallic MultilayersThe Effect of Interface Atomic Structure on He Bubble Formation at fcc?bcc InterfacesQuantification of 13C/12C to Help Diagnose the Nuclear Implosion Process in Inertial Confinement Fusion ExperimentsReferencesArt and Archaeology Applications; Thomas Calligaro and Jean-Claude DranRole of IBA in Cultural Heritage StudiesMajor Art and Archaeology IssuesObject Creation Conservation State Diagnosis Authentication of Heritage ItemsIon Beam Analysis of Cultural Heritage Relics Specificity of Cultural Heritage Targets Suitability of IBA Techniques Nondamaging Character Noninvasive IBA Implementation: External Beam Multielemental, Quantitative, and Highly Sensitive Analysis: PIXE Technique Measurement of Light Elements Depth Profiling: RBS, NRA, ERDA Multiscale IBA Chemical Imaging of Heterogeneous Artifacts Comparison with Competing Techniques Other Specific Developments of IBA Techniques to Study Heritage Materials Depth Profiling with PIXE and PIGE Better Sensitivity Than PIXE: PIXEInduced XRF In Situ IBA with External Beam in Reaction CellsExamples Nanoparticle Luster Decoration on Ceramics and Metal Gildings: Combined RBS Profiling and PIXE Bulk Analysis Hydration Dating of Archeological Quartz: Profiling Hydrogen Diffusion Using ERDA with External Beam Micromapping of Mineral Phases in Lapis Lazuli Carvings Large-Scale Chemical Imaging of Renaissance Painted MasterworksFuture Directions and New ChallengesAcknowledgmentsAppendixReferencesBiomedical Applications; Harry J. Whitlow and Min-Qin RenIntroductionThe Constitution of Biological Matter Types of IBA Measurements Sample Preparation Gross Samples Critical-Point Drying of Cultured Cells Tissue Sectioning Supporting FilmsBroad Beam Methods Broad Beam Studies of Biointerface Interactions PIXE Total Elemental Composition Analysis in Biomedicine Calibration of PIXE Data Instrument and Method Detection Limits RBS and ERDA in Biomedicine PIGE in BiomedicineMicrobeam Imaging of Cells and Tissues Micro-PIXE and ?PIGE Scanning Transmission Ion Microscopy Ionluminescence MicroscopyEmerging IBA Methods in Biomedicine Analysis of Ion Irradiation Effects in Cells Ion Beam Fabrication of Microanalytical ToolsAcknowledgmentsReferencesIBA Software; Nuno P. Barradas, Matej Mayer, Miguel A. Reis, and Francois SchiettekatteA Brief Introduction to IBA Data Analysis Manual Data Analysis Software: What Can It Do for You? The First Generation of Software?RUMP and Others Enabling Tools?SRIM, WDEPTH, and SigmaCalc/IBANDL Currently Popular Software?SIMNRA, NDF Monte Carlo: A "Brute Force" Approach PIXEExamples IAEA Intercomparison Exercise: NDF EBS: SIMNRA NRA: SIMNRA Monte Carlo Calculations: Corteo PIXE: NDF Software Handling of Channeling SpectraReferencesAppendices: CrystallographyRutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) Kinematic FactorsRutherford Cross Sections for 1 MeV 1H and 4He Ion BeamsProton-Induced Gamma Emissions from Light Elements (3 ≤ Z ≤ 26)Characteristic X-Ray Energies and Relative IntensitiesUseful Schematic Illustrations in Ion Channeling AnalysisData Analysis Software for Ion Beam AnalysisPhysical Constants, Combinations, and ConversionsIndex