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· 제목 : Biodiversity Offsets Between Regulation and Voluntary Commitment: A Typology of Approaches Towards Environmental Compensation and No Net Loss of Biodi (Hardcover, 2020)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 생명과학 > 생태학
· ISBN : 9783030255930
· 쪽수 : 341쪽
· 출판일 : 2020-05-21
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 생명과학 > 생태학
· ISBN : 9783030255930
· 쪽수 : 341쪽
· 출판일 : 2020-05-21
목차
--- preliminary ---
Forword
Executive summary
1 Introduction, problem statement and research questions 17
1.1 Introduction to the context for biodiversity offsets: from biodiversity loss to no net loss of biodiversity 17
1.2 Introduction to the concept of biodiversity offsets 21
1.3 Problems of biodiversity offsets, research gaps and problem statement 26
1.4 Aim and research design 36
2 Scientific Methods 43
2.1 General methodology of an internet based research 43
2.1.1 Introduction to web 2.0 and the role of cyberscience for academic research 45
2.1.2 The netnographic approach 51
2.1.3 Research process of internet based (web 1.0 and web 2.0) research ? the RUDE procedure 52
2.1.4 Variety and choice of tools for research in a web 2.0 environment 54
2.2 Typification and categorization as a scientific method 59
2.2.1 Definition, terminology and scope: ideal vs. empirical types 59
2.2.2 Theoretical concepts of empirically grounded typification: the attribute space after Lazarsfeld and Barton 61
2.3 Methods for empirical analysis and sampling 63
2.3.1 Methods and materials of data collection 63
2.3.2 Methods for sampling as basis for choice of case studies 64
3 The concept of voluntariness 67
3.1 Defining and understanding the notion of voluntariness and its prerequisites: definition, terminology and scope 69
3.1.1 Descriptive approach 69
3.1.2 Normative approach 73
3.2 General theoretical concepts to analyse or explain voluntariness 78
3.2.1 The egoism-altruism paradigm 78
3.2.2 Economic theories 81
3.3 Governance and Duty of Care for Biodiversity 85
3.4 Voluntary environmental approaches 87
3.5 Willingness to Pay 96
3.6 Corporate (Environmental or Social) Responsibility 97
4 Voluntariness of biodiversity offsets 111
4.1 Biodiversity Offsets and regulation 111
4.1.1 US Wetland Mitigation 113
4.1.2 German Impact Mitigation Regulation 116
4.1.3 Situation in the EU and planned No Net Loss Initiative of the European Commission 118
4.2 The business case for biodiversity offsets 124
4.2.1 Does the “business case” imply voluntary biodiversity offsets? 125
4.2.2 What are the motives and goals of the “business case”? 126
4.2.3 What is the business in the “business case”, i.e. are biodiversity offsets a business? 127
4.2.4 Summing up: what is the business case ? an approximation 128
4.3 Common standards for biodiversity offsets 130
5 Deduction of a typology of biodiversity offsets 139
5.1 Deduction of an impressionistic classification of types 1395.1.1 Step 1: dichotomy between mandatory and voluntary biodiversity offsets 139
5.1.2 Step 2: Typology with four biodiversity offset types (building on pressures and incentives) 140
5.1.3 Step 3: Updated typology with six biodiversity offset types (as of August 2014) 141
5.1.4 Results of the impressionistic classification 143
5.2 Derivation of relevant attributes/criteria for voluntariness from the theory 144
5.2.1 Degree or intensity of voluntariness 144
5.2.2 Threshold criteria 146
5.2.3 Core criteria 147
5.2.4 Descriptive criteria 150
5.2.5 Performance criteria 152
5.2.6 Quality criteria 153
5.2.7 Rejected criteria 154
5.2.8 Measurement and value categories of the criteria 154
5.3 Substruction of the underlying attribute space and combinations of attributes 156
5.4 Transformation (rectification) of the impressionistic types and analysis of meaningful correlations 158
5.5 Screening of biodiversity offset cases worldwide and grouping of cases according to the built types 161
6 Illustrative case studies for the built types of biodiversity offsets 165
6.1 Type 1: regulatory offsets 166
6.1.1 General description 166
6.1.2 Case study for regulatory offsets: Koala Offset in South East Queensland 167
6.2 Type 2: conditional offsets 171
6.2.1 General description 171
6.2.2 Case study for conditional offsets: Nam Theun 2 Hydropower project in Laos 174
6.3 Type 3: enabled offsets 179
6.3.1 General description 179
6.3.2 Case study for enabled offsets: Blakely Harbour residential and public road development on Bainbridge Island in the US (BBOP and City of Bainbridge biodiversity offset pilot) 181
6.4 Type 4: sectoral offsets 187
6.4.1 General description 187
6.4.2 Case study for sectoral offsets 189
6.5 Type 5: corporate offsets 190
6.5.1 General description 190
6.5.2 Case study for corporate offsets: QIT Mining Madagascar QMM (ilmenite mining) 192
6.6 Type 6: local/consensual offsets 196
6.6.1 General description 196
6.6.2 Case study for local offsets: Network Rail’s Thameslink railway project in the UK 197
6.7 Type 7: altruistic offsets 203
6.7.1 General description 203
6.7.2 Case study for altruistic offsets: Antamina mine in Peru 204
7 Discussion 209
7.1 Discussion and critique of methodology 209
7.1.1 Appropriateness of the research methodology 209
7.1.2 Mixed types ? the limits of typification to represent real world examples 211
7.1.3 Difficulties of comparability and clear classification of biodiversity offsets 211
7.2 Discussion of the research hypotheses 216
7.3 Discussion of the single types 219
7.3.1 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 1 regulatory offsets 219
7.3.2 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 2: conditional offsets 2247.3.3 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 3: enabled offsets 227
7.3.4 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 4 sectoral offsets 231
7.3.5 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 5: corporate offsets 233
7.3.6 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 6: local offsets 236
7.3.7 Magnitude, location and particularities of type 7: altruistic offsets 239
7.4 Discussion of the typology 243
7.4.1 Differences between the types 243
7.4.2 Similarities and overlap between the types 246
7.4.3 Limitations of the typology 247
8 Conclusion and contextualization of the results 251
8.1 Conclusions from the built typology 251
8.1.1 Stakeholder orientation ? which conclusions can be drawn on the roles and responsibilities of different actors? 251
8.1.2 The way ahead ? which of the offset types are promising and why? 255
8.1.3 Global variety - what are the implications for different contexts worldwide? 259
8.1.4 Application spectrum - what can the typology be used for? 260
8.2 Contextualization: Bringing together the theoretical fundamentals with the practical evidence on offsets 263
8.2.1 How do biodiversity offsets fit into the nature conservation toolbox? 263
8.2.2 How can the results of this study inform the theoretical discussion on voluntariness in environmental protection? 264
9 Outlook and further research 267
9.1 Discussion of the appropriateness of biodiversity offsets vs. the commodification of nature 269
9.2 Outcome of biodiversity offsets and need for an evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of compensation approaches 273
9.3 Need for a broader empirical base of implemented biodiversity offset cases 276
9.4 Concluding remarks 278
10 References 279
11 Annex 307
