[eBook Code] Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation (eBook Code, 2nd)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation (eBook Code, 2nd) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 역학 > 열역학
· ISBN : 9783527809448
· 쪽수 : 808쪽
· 출판일 : 2019-04-09

Preface xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

List of Symbols xix

About the Authors xxix

1 Introduction 1

2 PvT Behavior of Pure Components 5

2.1 General Description 5

2.2 Caloric Properties 10

2.3 Ideal Gases 14

2.4 Real Fluids 16

2.4.1 Auxiliary Functions 16

2.4.2 Residual Functions 17

2.4.3 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient 19

2.4.4 Phase Equilibria 22

2.5 Equations of State 25

2.5.1 Virial Equation 26

2.5.2 High-Precision Equations of State 30

2.5.3 Cubic Equations of State 37

2.5.4 Generalized Equations of State and Corresponding-States Principle 42

2.5.5 Advanced Cubic Equations of State 49

Problems 57

References 60

3 Correlation and Estimation of Pure Component Properties 63

3.1 Introduction 63

3.2 Characteristic Physical Property Constants 63

3.2.1 Critical Data 64

3.2.2 Acentric Factor 69

3.2.3 Normal Boiling Point 69

3.2.4 Melting Point and Enthalpy of Fusion 72

3.2.5 Standard Enthalpy and Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation 74

3.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 77

3.3.1 Vapor Pressure 78

3.3.2 Liquid Density 90

3.3.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 94

3.3.4 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity 98

3.3.5 Liquid Heat Capacity 105

3.3.6 Speed of Sound 109

3.4 Correlation and Estimation of Transport Properties 110

3.4.1 Liquid Viscosity 110

3.4.2 Vapor Viscosity 115

3.4.3 Liquid Thermal Conductivity 120

3.4.4 Vapor Thermal Conductivity 125

3.4.5 Surface Tension 128

3.4.6 Diffusion Coefficients 131

Problems 135

References 138

4 Properties of Mixtures 143

4.1 Introduction 143

4.2 Property Changes of Mixing 144

4.3 Partial Molar Properties 145

4.4 Gibbs–Duhem Equation 148

4.5 Ideal Mixture of Ideal Gases 150

4.6 Ideal Mixture of Real Fluids 152

4.7 Excess Properties 153

4.8 Fugacity in Mixtures 154

4.8.1 Fugacity of an Ideal Mixture 155

4.8.2 Phase Equilibrium 155

4.9 Activity and Activity Coefficient 156

4.10 Application of Equations of State to Mixtures 157

4.10.1 Virial Equation 158

4.10.2 Cubic Equations of State 159

Problems 169

References 170

5 Phase Equilibria in Fluid Systems 173

5.1 Introduction 173

5.2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 185

5.3 Application of Activity Coefficients 192

5.4 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using g^E Models 195

5.5 Fitting of g^E Model Parameters 212

5.5.1 Check of VLE Data for Thermodynamic Consistency 218

5.5.2 Recommended g^E Model Parameters 227

5.6 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State 229

5.6.1 Fitting of Binary Parameters of Cubic Equations of State 235

5.7 Conditions for the Occurrence of Azeotropic Behavior 243

5.8 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 252

5.8.1 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Henry Constants 254

5.8.2 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Equations of State 262

5.8.3 Prediction of Gas Solubilities 263

5.9 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria 266

5.9.1 Temperature Dependence of Ternary LLE 277

5.9.2 Pressure Dependence of LLE 279

5.10 Predictive Models 280

5.10.1 Regular Solution Theory 281

5.10.2 Group Contribution Methods 282

5.10.3 UNIFAC Method 284

5.10.3.1 Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) 291

5.10.3.2 Weaknesses of the Group Contribution Methods UNIFAC and Modified UNIFAC 295

5.10.4 Predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong (PSRK) Equation of State 302

5.10.5 VTPR Group Contribution Equation of State 306

Problems 315

References 319

6 Caloric Properties 323

6.1 Caloric Equations of State 323

6.1.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy 323

6.1.2 Entropy 326

6.1.3 Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy 327

6.2 Enthalpy Description in Process Simulation Programs 329

6.2.1 Route A: Vapor as Starting Phase 330

6.2.2 Route B: Liquid as Starting Phase 334

6.2.3 Route C: Equation of State 335

6.3 Caloric Properties in Chemical Reactions 343

Problems 349

References 350

7 Electrolyte Solutions 351

7.1 Introduction 351

7.2 Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions 355

7.3 Activity Coefficient Models for Electrolyte Solutions 360

7.3.1 Debye–Hückel Limiting Law 360

7.3.2 Bromley Extension 361

7.3.3 Pitzer Model 361

7.3.4 NRTL Electrolyte Model by Chen 364

7.3.5 LIQUAC Model 372

7.3.6 MSA Model 380

7.4 Dissociation Equilibria 381

7.5 Influence of Salts on the Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Behavior 383

7.6 Complex Electrolyte Systems 385

Problems 386

References 386

8 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 389

8.1 Introduction 389

8.2 Thermodynamic Relations for the Calculation of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 392

8.2.1 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Simple Eutectic Systems 394

8.2.1.1 Freezing Point Depression 401

8.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Systems with Solid Solutions 402

8.2.2.1 Ideal Systems 402

8.2.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria for Nonideal Systems 403

8.2.3 Solid–Liquid Equilibria with Intermolecular Compound Formation in the Solid State 406

8.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 409

8.3 Salt Solubility 409

8.4 Solubility of Solids in Supercritical Fluids 414

Problems 416

References 419

9 Membrane Processes 421

9.1 Osmosis 421

9.2 Pervaporation 424

Problems 425

References 426

10 Polymer Thermodynamics 427

10.1 Introduction 427

10.2 g^E Models 433

10.3 Equations of State 444

10.4 Influence of Polydispersity 460

10.5 Influence of Polymer Structure 464

Problems 465

References 467

11 Applications of Thermodynamics in Separation Technology 469

11.1 Introduction 469

11.2 Verification of Model Parameters Prior to Process Simulation 474

11.2.1 Verification of Pure Component Parameters 474

11.2.2 Verification of g^E Model Parameters 475

11.3 Investigation of Azeotropic Points in Multicomponent Systems 483

11.4 Residue Curves, Distillation Boundaries, and Distillation Regions 484

11.5 Selection of Entrainers for Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 491

11.6 Selection of Solvents for Other Separation Processes 499

11.7 Selection of Solvent-Based Separation Processes 499

Problems 503

References 504

12 Enthalpy of Reaction and Chemical Equilibria 505

12.1 Introduction 505

12.2 Enthalpy of Reaction 506

12.2.1 Temperature Dependence 507

12.2.2 Consideration of the Real Gas Behavior on the Enthalpy of Reaction 509

12.3 Chemical Equilibrium 511

12.4 Multiple Chemical Reaction Equilibria 530

12.4.1 Relaxation Method 531

12.4.2 Gibbs Energy Minimization 535

Problems 544

References 547

13 Examples for Complex Systems 549

13.1 Introduction 549

13.2 Formaldehyde Solutions 549

13.3 Vapor Phase Association 555

Problems 568

References 570

14 Practical Applications 573

14.1 Introduction 573

14.2 Flash 573

14.3 Joule–Thomson Effect 575

14.4 Adiabatic Compression and Expansion 577

14.5 Pressure Relief 581

14.6 Limitations of Equilibrium Thermodynamics 586

Problems 589

References 591

15 Experimental Determination of Pure Component and Mixture Properties 593

15.1 Introduction 593

15.2 Pure Component Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature 594

15.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 598

15.4 Critical Data 599

15.5 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 599

15.5.1 Dynamic VLE Stills 601

15.5.2 Static Techniques 604

15.5.3 Degassing 611

15.5.4 Headspace Gas Chromatography (HSGC) 613

15.5.5 High-Pressure VLE 614

15.5.6 Inline True Component Analysis in Reactive Mixtures 616

15.6 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution 617

15.6.1 Gas Chromatographic Retention Time Measurement 618

15.6.2 Inert Gas Stripping (Dilutor) 620

15.6.3 Limiting Activity Coefficients of High Boilers in Low Boilers 622

15.7 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria (LLE) 622

15.8 Gas Solubility 623

15.9 Excess Enthalpy 624

Problems 626

References 626

16 Introduction to the Collection of Example Problems 631

16.1 Introduction 631

16.2 Mathcad Examples 631

16.3 Examples Using the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) and the Integrated Software Package DDBSP 633

16.4 Examples Using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Office VBA 634

Appendix A Pure Component Parameters 635

Appendix B Coefficients for High-Precision Equations of State 663

References 668

Appendix C Useful Derivations 669

A1 Relationship Between (𝜕s/𝜕T)_P and (𝜕s/𝜕T)_v 670

A2 Expressions for (𝜕u/𝜕v)_T and (𝜕s/𝜕v)_T 670

A3 c_P and c_v as Derivatives of the Specific Entropy 671

A4 Relationship Between c_P and c_v 672

A5 Expression for (𝜕h/𝜕P)_T 673

A6 Expression for (𝜕s/𝜕P)_T 674

A7 Expression for [𝜕(g/RT)/𝜕T]_P and van’t Hoff Equation 674

A8 General Expression for c_v 675

A9 Expression for (𝜕P/𝜕v)_T 676

A10 Cardano’s Formula 676

B1 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation 677

B2 Equivalence of Chemical Potential μ and Gibbs Energy g for a Pure Substance 678

B3 Phase Equilibrium Condition for a Pure Substance 679

B4 Relationship Between Partial Molar Property and State Variable (Euler Theorem) 681

B5 Chemical Potential in Mixtures 681

B6 Relationship Between Second Virial Coefficients of Leiden and Berlin Form 682

B7 Derivation of Expressions for the Speed of Sound for Ideal and Real Gases 683

B8 Activity of the Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution 685

B9 Temperature Dependence of the Azeotropic Composition 686

B10 Konovalov Equations 688

C1 (s–s^id)_T,P 691

C2 (h–h^id)_T,P 692

C3 (g–g^id)_T,P 692

C4 Relationship Between Excess Enthalpy and Activity Coefficient 692

D1 Fugacity Coefficient for a Pressure-Explicit Equation of State 692

D2 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Leiden Form) 694

D3 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Berlin Form) 695

D4 Fugacity Coefficient of the Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 696

D5 Fugacity Coefficient of the PSRK Equation of State 698

D6 Fugacity Coefficient of the VTPR Equation of State 702

E1 Derivation of the Wilson Equation 707

E2 Notation of the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC Equations in Process Simulation Programs 710

E3 Inability of the Wilson Equation to Describe a Miscibility Gap 711

F1 (h–h^id) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 713

F2 (s–s^id) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715

F3 (g–g^id) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715

F4 Antiderivatives of c^id _P Correlations 715

G1 Speed of Sound as Maximum Velocity in an Adiabatic Pipe with Constant Cross-Flow Area 717

G2 Maximum Mass Flux of an Ideal Gas 717

References 719

Appendix D Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Electrolyte Compounds 721

Reference 722

Appendix E Regression Technique for Pure Component Data 723

Appendix F Regression Techniques for Binary Parameters 727

References 741

Appendix G Ideal Gas Heat Capacity Polynomial Coefficients for Selected Compounds 743

Reference 744

Appendix H UNIFAC Parameters 745

Further Reading 746

Appendix I Modified UNIFAC Parameters 747

Further Reading 751

Appendix J PSRK Parameters 753

Further Reading 755

Appendix K VTPR Parameters 757

References 759

Further Readings 760

Index 761