Food and Nutritional Supplements: Their Role in Health and Disease (Paperback, Softcover Repri)

1 The Rise and Rise of Food and Nutritional Supplements an Overview of the Market.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 The Products.- 1.3 What are People Taking?.- 1.3.1 Cod Liver on.- 1.3.2 Multivitamins.- 1.3.3 Single Vitamins.- 1.3.4 Evening Primrose Oil.- 1.3.5 Minerals.- 1.3.6 Garlic Products.- 1.3.7 Functional Foods.- 1.4 Growth Across Western Europe.- 1.5 Who Manufactures Vitamin, Mineral and Dietary Supplements?.- 1.6 Retail Distribution of Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements.- 1.7 What is Driving the Growth in this Market?.- 1.7.2 The Trend Towards Self-Medication.- 1.7.2.1 Concerns About Illness Drive Demand.- 1.7.2.2 Changes in the Pharmacy.- 1.7.2.3 Changes in Primary Health Care.- 1.8 Do Supplement Users Need to Take Supplements?.- 1.9 Regulating the Market.- 1.10 The Future for Vitamins, Minerals and Dietary Supplements.- 1.11 ConclusionM.- 1.12 References.- 2 Why do Health Professionals Need to Know More About Nutrition?.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.1.1 The Implication of Diet in Disease.- 2.2 Our Hunger for Knowledge.- 2.3 Health Professionals: the Authorative Source of Nutrition Information?.- 2.4 Nutrition: the Orphan Discipline.- 2.5 What are the Obstacles to Giving Nutrition Advice?.- 2.6 The Updated Role of Health Professionals: a New Approach.- 2.6.1 Tailored Dietary Advice.- 2.6.2 Different People, Different Dietary Needs.- 2.6.3 Drug-Nutrient Interactions.- 2.6.4 The Impact of Diet in Health Economics.- 2.7 Conclusion.- 2.8 References.- 3 Nutrient Requirements in Health and Disease.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 What Nutrients are Needed, and How Much?.- 3.3 Dietary Reference Values.- 3.4 Meeting the Targets.- 3.5 Pregnancy and Lactation - Life-Long Health Implications of Nutrition.- 3.6 The Weaning Process.- 3.7 Childhood.- 3.8 Younger Schoolchildren.- 3.9 Adolescence.- 3.10 Adulthood.- 3.11 Older Years.- 3.12 Conclusion.- 3.13 References.- 4 Placebo and Panacea: The Healing Effect of Nutritional Supplements.- 4.1 Why Do So Many People Feel Unwell.- 4.2 The Placebo or Healing Effect.- 4.3 Who Responds to Placebo Medication.- 4.4 Nutritional Supplements as Placebos.- 4.5 The Ethics of Prescribing or Marketing Placebos as Nutritional Supplements.- 4.6 References.- 5 Antioxidants Nutrition and Health.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Involvement of Free Radicals in Degenerative Disease and Modulation by Antioxidants.- 5.3 Cancer Aetiology.- 5.4 Cardiovascular Disease Aetiology.- 5.5 Reduction of Disease Risk by Antioxidant Nutrients.- 5.6 Cancer.- 5.7 Cardiovascular Disease.- 5.8 References.- 6 Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Uses of Vitamin B6.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Metabolism and Metabolie Functions of Vitamin B6.- 6.3 Requirements and Reference Nutrient Intakes.- 6.4 Potential Benefits of Higher Levels of Intake: Homocysteine Metabolism.- 6.5 Pharmacological Uses of Vitamin B6.- 6.5.1 Side-Effects of Oral Contraceptives.- 6.5.2 Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes Mellitus.- 6.5.3 Depression.- 6.5.4 The Premenstrual Syndrome.- 6.5.5 Morning Sickness.- 6.5.6 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.- 6.5.7 Hypertension.- 6.6 Drug Interactions with Vitamin B6.- 6.7 Toxicity of Vitamin B6.- 6.8 References.- 7 Folic Acid and Disease Prevention:A Long Day's Journey Into light.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Folate Prevention of Neural Tube Defects.- 7.3 Other Congenital Malformations and Folate.- 7.4 Folate, Homocysteine and Occlusive Vascular Disease.- 7.5 Folate Requirements and Provision.- 7.6 Changed Diet.- 7.7 Supplements.- 7.8 Food Fortification.- 7.9 Conclusions.- 7.10 References.- 8 The Addition of Micronutrients to Food.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The Historical Background.- 8.3 Some Definitions.- 8.4 The Rationale for the Addition of Nutrients to Food.- 8.5 Policy Considerations.- 8.6 Legislative Aspects of Micronutrients Addition to Food.- 8.7 The Efficacy of the Addition of Micronutrients to Food.- 8.8 References.- 9 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Health.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Probiotic Bacteria in Human Health: An Overview Colette Shortt