일반물리학 (신규승 외)

제1장 물리량 21
1-1 물리량과 물리적 차원 ·········································································· 21
1-2 국제단위계 ······························································································ 22
1-3 국제단위계의 표준 ················································································· 23
1-4 벡터와 스칼라 ························································································ 24
1-5 벡터의 덧셈, 기하학적인 방법 ······························································ 25
1-6 벡터의 덧셈, 해석적인 방법 ································································· 26
1-7 벡터의 곱셈 ···························································································· 28
◈ 연습문제 / 31

제2장 병진운동 35
2-1 운동 ········································································································· 35
2-2 변위, 속도와 가속도 ·············································································· 35
2-3 1차원 등가속도 운동 ············································································· 38
2-4 포물체 운동 ···························································································· 42
2-5 등속원운동 ······························································································ 45
2-6 상대운동 ································································································· 47
◈ 연습문제 / 49

제3장 힘과 운동 53
3-1 힘과 운동 ································································································ 53
3-2 Newton의 제1법칙 ················································································· 53
3-3 Newton의 제2법칙 ················································································ 54
3-4 Newton의 제3법칙 ················································································ 56
3-5 무게 ········································································································ 57
3-6 마찰력과 끌림항력 ················································································· 59
3-7 등속원운동 ······························································································ 63
3-8 물리적인 힘들 ························································································ 65
◈ 연습문제 / 65

제4장 일과 에너지 70
4-1 일(Work) ································································································· 71
4-2 일차원운동에서 변화하는 힘에 의한 일 ·············································· 72
4-3 용수철의 복원력에 의한 일 ·································································· 75
4-4 운동에너지 ····························································································· 76
4-5 일률 ········································································································ 77
4-6 위치에너지(퍼텐셜 에너지) ··································································· 79
4-7 보존력과 비보존력 ················································································· 83
4-8 위치에너지 곡선 ···················································································· 86
4-9 비보존력과 에너지 보존 ······································································· 87
◈ 연습문제 / 88

제5장 다체계의 운동 94
5-1 소개 ········································································································· 94
5-2 2체계 ······································································································ 94
5-3 질량중심 ································································································· 97
5-4 연속물체의 질량중심 ············································································· 99
5-5 운동량 ··································································································· 102
5-6 운동량보존 ··························································································· 104
5-7 로켓운동 ······························································································· 105
◈ 연습문제 / 107

제6장 충 돌 111
6-1 충돌이란 ································································································ 111
6-2 충격량 ··································································································· 111
6-3 1차원 충돌 ··························································································· 114
6-4 2차원 충돌 ··························································································· 118
◈ 연습문제 / 121

제7장 회전운동 126
7-1 소개 ······································································································· 126
7-2 회전과 라디안(radian) ·········································································· 126
7-3 각속도와 각가속도 ··············································································· 127
7-4 각변위의 벡터 표기 ············································································· 129
7-5 선형운동학과 각운동학 ········································································ 131
7-6 관성모멘트 ···························································································· 133
7-7 평행축 정리 ·························································································· 138
7-8 굴림운동 ······························································································· 139
7-9 돌림힘(torque)과 각운동량 ·································································· 140
7-10 회전운동역학 ······················································································ 145
7-11 각운동량의 보존 ················································································· 150
7-12 강체의 운동에너지 ············································································· 151
◈ 연습문제 / 153

제8장 정역학 158
8-1 소개 ······································································································· 158
8-2 평형 ······································································································ 158
8-3 무게중심 ······························································································· 161
8-4 변형력과 변형 ······················································································ 162
◈ 연습문제 / 165

제9장 진 동 170
9-1 진동계 ··································································································· 170
9-2 단조화 진동자 ······················································································ 172
9-3 단조화운동 ··························································································· 175
9-4 단조화진동에서의 에너지보존 ····························································· 180
9-5 단조화운동의 응용 ··············································································· 184
9-6 단조화운동과 등속원운동 ···································································· 191
◈ 연습문제 / 195

제10장 중 력 200
10-1 중력의 역사 ························································································ 200
10-2 Newton과 만유인력의 법칙 ······························································ 201
10-3 만유인력상수 G ················································································· 205
10-4 지표면 근처에서의 중력의 변화 ······················································· 208
10-5 중력퍼텐셜 에너지 ············································································· 211
10-6 행성 및 위성의 운동 ········································································· 216
◈ 연습문제 / 220

제11장 유 체 225
11-1 유체와 고체 ························································································· 225
11-2 압력과 밀도 ························································································ 226
11-3 정지해 있는 유체의 압력변화 ··························································· 228
11-4 파스칼의 원리 ····················································································· 232
11-5 아르키메데스의 원리 ·········································································· 235
11-6 압력측정 ······························································································ 237
11-7 유체의 흐름 ························································································ 240
11-8 유선과 연속방정식 ············································································· 241
11-9 베르누이 방정식 ················································································· 245
11-10 베르누이 방정식과 연속방정식의 응용 ··········································· 248
◈ 연습문제 / 251

제12장 파 동 257
12-1 파동이란 무엇인가? ············································································ 257
12-2 파동의 구분 ························································································ 259
12-3 정상파의 방정식 ················································································· 260
12-4 파동방정식 ·························································································· 263
12-5 진행파의 방정식 ················································································· 267
12-6 공기 중에서의 음파의 속도 ······························································ 271
12-7 파동의 에너지 ···················································································· 276
12-8 소리의 세기 ························································································ 278
12-9 중첩의 원리 ························································································ 280
12-10 파동의 반사와 투과 ········································································· 283
12-11 맥놀이(beats) ····················································································· 286
12-12 Doppler 효과 ···················································································· 288
12-13 충격파 ······························································································· 293
◈ 연습문제 / 294

제13장 열, 일 및 열역학 제1법칙 299
13-1 거시적인 기술과 미시적인 기술 ······················································· 299
13-2 열에너지 ····························································································· 300
13-3 열역학적 평형 ···················································································· 301
13-4 열역학적 온도 ···················································································· 302
13-5 물질의 열적 성질 ·············································································· 306
13-6 열과 일 ······························································································· 314
13-7 열역학 제1법칙 ·················································································· 316
13-8 열역학 제1법칙의 응용 ····································································· 319
◈ 연습문제 / 321

제14장 기체운동론 326
14-1 기체분자 운동론 ················································································· 326
14-2 이상기체 ····························································································· 327
14-3 압력의 운동론적 계산 ······································································· 329
14-4 온도 및 열개념의 운동론적 해석 ····················································· 333
14-5 에너지의 등분배원리 ········································································· 335
14-6 이상기체의 비열 ················································································ 337
◈ 연습문제 / 342

제15장 엔트로피와 열역학 제2법칙 345
15-1 가역과정과 비가역과정 ······································································ 345
15-2 카르노(Carnot) 순환과정 ··································································· 346
15-3 카르노 기관의 효율 ··········································································· 348
15-4 열기관의 효율과 열역학 제2법칙 ····················································· 355
15-5 엔트로피와 열역학 제2법칙 ······························································ 356
15-6 엔트로피 ····························································································· 358
15-7 절대 영도 및 열역학 제3법칙 ·························································· 364
◈ 연습문제 / 365

제16장 전하와 전기장 369
16-1 전하 ····································································································· 369
16-2 Coulomb법칙 ······················································································ 371
16-3 전기장 ································································································· 376
16-4 전하를 가진 무한대의 평판 ······························································ 383
16-5 전기장 내의 전기 쌍극자 ·································································· 385
16-6 Gauss 법칙 ························································································· 387
◈ 연습문제 / 397

제17장 전위와 전기용량 402
17-1 전위 ····································································································· 402
17-2 전기 퍼텐셜 에너지 ··········································································· 408
17-3 전위와 전기장 ···················································································· 410
17-4 전기용량 ······························································································ 412
◈ 연습문제 / 423

제18장 전류와 저항 427
18-1 전류와 전류밀도 ················································································· 427
18-2 전하의 보존 ························································································ 430
18-3 비저항과 저항 ···················································································· 431
18-4 ohm의 법칙의 미시적인 관점 ·························································· 434
18-5 전기회로 내의 에너지와 전력 ·························································· 437
◈ 연습문제 / 439

제19장 기전력과 회로 443
19-1 기전력 ································································································· 443
19-2 전류의 계산법 ···················································································· 445
19-3 단일루프회로 ······················································································ 446
19-4 다중루프회로 ······················································································ 450
19-5 전기측정기기 ······················································································ 452
19-6   회로 ···························································································· 455
◈ 연습문제 / 462

제20장 자기장과 자기력 466
20-1 자기장 ································································································· 466
20-2 자기력선과 자기선속 ········································································· 468
20-3 자기장 내에서의 하전 입자의 운동 ················································· 470
20-4 전류가 흐르는 도체에 작용하는 자기력 ········································· 472
20-5 전류루프에 미치는 자기력과 토크 ··················································· 475
◈ 연습문제 / 479

제21장 Ampere의 법칙 484
21-1 움직이는 전하가 만드는 자기장 ························································ 484
21-2 전류에 의한 자기장 ··········································································· 486
21-3 Ampere의 법칙 ·················································································· 491
21-4 솔레노이드가 만드는 자기장 ····························································· 494
21-5 자성체(magnetic materials) ······························································· 497
◈ 연습문제 / 499

제22장 전자기유도(Electromagnetic induction)와 변위전류(Displacement current) 503
22-1 전자기유도 ·························································································· 503
22-2 Faraday의 유도법칙 ··········································································· 504
22-3 운동기전력 ························································································· 505
22-4 유도전기장(Induced electric fields) ················································· 508
22-5 변위(變位) 전류 ················································································· 511
◈ 연습문제 / 514

제23장 인덕턴스와 교류회로 520
23-1 인덕턴스 ····························································································· 520
23-2 자체 인덕턴스(self-inductance) ························································· 521
23-3  － 회로의 전류 ··········································································· 523
23-4 자기장의 에너지 ················································································ 527
23-5 자기장의 에너지 밀도 ······································································· 529
23-6  － 회로 ························································································ 530
23-7 교류기전력 ························································································· 534
23-8 교류와 페이서(phasors) ····································································· 535
23-9 저항과 리액턴스(reactance) ······························································ 536
23-10  － － 직렬회로 ·········································································· 541
23-11  － － 병렬공진회로 ··································································· 546
◈ 연습문제 / 547

제24장 Maxwell의 방정식과 전자파 553
24-1 전자기학의 기본방정식 ······································································ 553
24-2 자기홀극 ····························································································· 554
24-3 변위전류 ····························································································· 555
24-4 전자기파의 발생 ················································································ 556
24-5 Maxwell의 방정식과 전자파 ···························································· 560
24-6 전자파의 에너지 ················································································ 565
24-7 편광 ···································································································· 568
◈ 연습문제 / 571

제25장 기하광학 575
25-1 기하광학적 근사 ················································································· 575
25-2 반사와 굴절 ······················································································· 578
25-3 내부 전반사 ······················································································· 582
25-4 Fermat의 원리(최소시간의 원리) ····················································· 585
25-5 구면에 의한 결상 ·············································································· 588
25-6 얇은 렌즈(thin lens) ········································································· 597
25-7 광학기구 ····························································································· 601
◈ 연습문제 / 608

제26장 빛의 간섭과 회절 614
26-1 이중슬릿에 의한 간섭 ······································································· 614
26-2 반사에 의한 간섭 ·············································································· 622
26-3 박막에 의한 간섭 ·············································································· 626
26-4 간섭계 ································································································ 629
26-5 빛의 회절 ··························································································· 632
26-6 다중슬릿에 의한 회절 ······································································· 634
26-7 단일슬릿에 의한 회절 ······································································· 639
26-8 회절과 분해능 ···················································································· 642
◈ 연습문제 / 645

제27장 특수 상대성 이론 650
27-1 상대성 이론의 탄생 ··········································································· 650
27-2 특수상대론의 기본가정 ······································································ 651
27-3 시간지연과 길이수축 ········································································· 653
27-4 Galilean 변환과 Lorentz 변환 ························································· 658
27-5 사건의 동시성 ···················································································· 663
27-6 속도의 변환식 및 Doppler 효과 ······················································ 670
27-7 상대론적 역학 ···················································································· 672
◈ 연습문제 / 676

제28장 입자와 파동의 이중성과 양자역학 680
28-1 파동과 입자 ························································································ 680
28-2 흑체복사 ····························································································· 681
28-3 광전효과 ····························································································· 683
28-4 광자이론 ····························································································· 686
28-5 Compton 효과 ··················································································· 689
28-6 입자의 파동성 ···················································································· 692
28-7 입자와 파동의 이중성 ······································································· 696
28-8 수소원자와 스펙트럼 ········································································· 697
28-9 파동과 양자 ······················································································· 702
28-10 양자역학의 기본가정 ········································································ 705
28-11 전자와 물질파 ···················································································· 708
28-12 Heisenberg의 불확정성 원리(Uncertainty Principle) ······················ 714
28-13 파동과 입자 ······················································································· 718
◈ 연습문제 / 721

제29장 원자세계 728
29-1 원자의 특성 ························································································ 728
29-2 수소원자의 에너지 ············································································ 731
29-3 수소원자의 각운동량과 공간양자화 ················································· 732
29-4 Spin 각운동량과 자성 ······································································· 736
29-5 수소원자의 상태와 파동함수 ···························································· 736
29-6 다중 전자 원자와 주기율표 ······························································ 739
29-7 공간 양자화와 Stern?Gerlach 실험 ·················································· 743
29-8 Spin과 핵자기공명(nuclear magnetic resonance) ··························· 747
29-9 X선 ····································································································· 749
29-10 Laser ·································································································· 754
29-11 레이저의 원리 ···················································································· 756
◈ 연습문제 / 761

제30장 고체의 전기전도 765
30-1 금속의 전도전자 ················································································ 765
30-2 허용된 상태의 전자 점유분포 ·························································· 767
30-3 금속의 전기전도 ················································································ 771
30-4 에너지띠(Energy Band)와 띠간격(Band gap) ································· 772
30-5 도체, 부도체 및 반도체 ···································································· 774
30-6 도핑된 반도체(doped semiconductors) ············································ 777
30-7 pn접합 ································································································ 780
30-8 다이오우드 정류기 ············································································ 782
◈ 연습문제 / 784

제31장 원자핵물리학과 핵에너지 788
31-1 새로운 방사선 발견 ··········································································· 788
31-2 방사선 붕괴 ························································································ 789
31-3 원자의 구조：원자핵의 발견 ···························································· 793
31-4 원자핵의 대국적 성질 ······································································· 795
31-5 원자핵의 안정성 ················································································ 807
31-6 원자핵반응 ·························································································· 817
31-7 원자핵구조 ·························································································· 821
31-8 원자핵분열(nuclear fission) ······························································· 822
31-9 원자핵분열 모형 ················································································ 823
31-10 연쇄핵분열 반응 ················································································ 825
31-11 원자핵융합반응(原子核融合反應：Nuclear fusion reaction) ············ 831
31-12 별 내부의 핵융합반응 ······································································· 836
◈ 연습문제 / 837

제32장 소립자물리학과 우주론 843
32-1 자연의 계층 구조(階層 構造) ···························································· 843
32-2 새로운 입자들의 발견 ······································································· 843
32-3 소립자의 분류 ···················································································· 850
32-4 기본력(其本力)과 전달자 ··································································· 855
32-5 표준모형 ····························································································· 860
32-6 소립자물리학과 우주론 ····································································· 860
◈ 연습문제 / 863
● 부록 / 871
● 해답 / 877
● 찾아보기 / 898