Business and Human Rights

차례

Introduction_13

Part 1: _Fundamentals of the “State Obligation” to Respect, Protect and Fulfil
Human Rights in Relation to Business Activities and the “Corporate
Responsibility” to Respect Human Rights_19

Chapter 1: Legal Bases_19
A. Legal Bases _27
I. International Human Rights Norms and Standards_27
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights_29
2. International Treaties_33
a. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights_35
b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights_39
c. Other Conventions_41
3. Customary International Law_43
4. Ius Cogens_46
5. General Principles of International Law_47
6. _Standards (Combination/Zebra Standards) on
Business and Human Rights_49
B. Interim Conclusions_52

Chapter 2: Dichotomy Between Obligation and Responsibility_57
A. The State Obligation to Protect_58
I. Treaty Provisions_60
II. Required Measures_64
1. Monitoring_64
2. Regulation_66
3. Adjudication_67
a. Investigation_68
b. Prosecution_68
c. The right to remedy_69
d. Reparation_70
4. Promotional Measures_70
B. The Corporate Responsibility to Respect_71
I. The Definition_73
II. Human Rights Due Diligence_74
C. Interim Conclusions_84

Part 2: Interpretative Guidance by UN Treaty Bodies_89

Chapter 3: Interpretative Guidance of Various Treaty Bodies_89
A. Main Functions of Treaty Bodies_89
B. General Comments_93
C. Concluding Observations_108
D. Interim Conclusions_112

Chapter 4: _General Comments on State Obligations under the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Context
of Business Activities_115
A. State Obligations_121
I. Obligations of Non-discrimination_121
II. _Specific Obligations Linked to Business Activities, Including
Extraterritorial Obligation_123
1. Obligation to respect_125
2. Obligation to protect_128
3. Obligation to fulfil_134
B. Remedies _135
I. General Principles_136
II. Types of remedies_138
C. Interim Conclusions_141

Part 3: Voluntary vs. Legally Binding Approach_148

Chapter 5: _Existing International Voluntary Guidelines on Business and
Human Rights_148
A. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises_151
I. Main content_153
II. Enforcement mechanisms_155
B. _ILO Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational
Enterprises and Social Policy_160
I. Main content_162
II. Enforcement mechanisms_166
C. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights_168
I. The State Duty to Protect_175
1. Foundational Principles_175
2. Operational Principles_177
II. The Corporate Responsibility to Respect_178
1. Foundational Principles_179
2. Operational Principles_181
III. Access to Remedy_182
1. Foundational Principle_182
2. Operational Principles_183
a. State-based judicial mechanisms_183
b. State-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms_184
c. Non-state-based grievance mechanisms_184
d. Effectiveness criteria_185
D. Interim Conclusions_187

Chapter 6: _Global Efforts to Impose Direct Obligation on Companies to Respect
Human Rights_194
A. The Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Companies_194
I. General and Specific Obligations_196
II. General Provisions of Implementation_199
B. The United Nations Human Rights Council Treaty-Making Process_200
I. The Evolutionary Trajectory_200
1. Business Enterprises as Subject of International Law_207
II. _The UN Human Rights Council Open-Ended Intergovernmental
Working Group on Transnational Corporations and Other Business
Enterprises with Respect to Human Rights_213
1. Scope of Application_217
a. Transnational Corporations vs. All Businesses_217
b. Extraterritorial Obligation_221
c. Direct Obligation_226
2. Form and Content _231
a. An Overarching General Framework Convention_231
b. _Thematically focused Individual Conventions or an Optional
Protocol to an Existing Human Rights Agreement_233
3. Possible Elements_234
a. Definition of Legal Responsibilities_238
b. Human Rights Due Diligence_239
c. Monitoring and Implementation Mechanisms_241
d. Extraterritorial Obligation_243
e. _Relationship Between the Future Treaty and Trade and
Investment Agreements_244
4. The Added-Value_247
a. Codification and Clarification_247
b. Establishment of International-level Enforcement Mechanisms_248
C. Interim Conclusions_249

Part 4: _Human Rights Council Mechanisms Relevant to Business and Human Rights_255

Chapter 7: Human Rights Council Mechanisms_255
A. _The Working Group on the Issue of Human Rights and Transnational
Corporations and Other Business Enterprises_256
I. The Mandate and Working Methods_256
II. _Operationalization of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and
Human Rights_262
B. The Annual Forum on Business and Human Rights_276
I. Main Activities and Outcomes_276
C. The Special Procedures_278
D. The Universal Periodic Review_280
E. Interim Conclusions_282

Part 5: Strengthening National Human Rights Protection Mechanisms_286

Chapter 8: _Strengthening the State Obligation to Protect from Corporate
Human Rights Abuse and the Corporate Responsibility to Respect
Human Rights_286
A. Legislative Measures_288
I. Human Rights Due Diligence Law_288
II. Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence Law: Emerging Examples_291
III. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction_308
B. Policy Measures_310
I. Action Plan on Business and Human Rights_311
C. Judicial Measures_314
I. Judicial Remedies Against Corporate Human Rights Abuse_314
II. Inter-State Judicial Cooperation_323
D. Interim Conclusions_326

Part 6: Conclusion_332

Chapter 9: Combination/Zebra Standards on Business and Human Rights_332

Bibliography_362

Index_387