Fundamentals of Causal Inference : With R (Hardcover)

1. Introduction A Brief History Data Examples Mortality rates by country National Center for Education Statistics Reducing Alcohol Consumption The What-If? Study The Double What-If? Study General Social Survey A Cancer Clinical Trial Exercises 2. Conditional Probability and Expectation Conditional Probability Conditional Expectation and the Law of Total Expectation Estimation Sampling Distributions and the Bootstrap Exercises 3. Potential Outcomes and the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference Potential Outcomes and the Consistency Assumption Circumventing the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference Exercises 4. Effect-Measure Modification and Causal Interaction Effect-Measure Modification and Statistical Interaction Qualitative Agreement of Effect Measures in Modification Causal Interaction Exercises Contents 5. Causal Directed Acyclic Graphs Theory Examples Exercises 6. Adjusting for Confounding: Backdoor Method via Standardization Standardization via Outcome Modeling Average Effect of Treatment on the Treated Standardization with a Parametric Outcome Model Standardization via Exposure Modeling Average Effect of Treatment on the Treated Standardization with a Parametric Exposure Model Doubly Robust Standardization Exercises 7. Adjusting for Confounding: Difference-in-Differences Estimators Difference-in-Differences (DiD) Estimators with Linear, Loglinear, and Logistic Models DiD Estimator Estimator with a Linear Model DiD Estimator with a Loglinear Model DiD Estimator with a Logistic Model Comparison with Standardization Exercises 8. Adjusting for Confounding: Front-Door Method Motivation Theory and Method Simulated Example Exercises 9. Adjusting for Confounding: Instrumental Variables Complier Average Causal Effect and Principal Stratification Average Effect of Treatment on the Treated and Structural Nested Mean Models Examples Exercises 10. Adjusting for Confounding: Propensity-Score Methods Theory Using the Propensity Score in the Outcome Model Stratification on the Propensity Score Matching on the Propensity Score Exercises Contents ix 11. Gaining Efficiency with Precision Variables Theory Examples Exercises 12. Mediation Theory Traditional Parametric Methods More Examples Exercise Adjusting for Time-Dependent Confounding Marginal Structural Models Structural Nested Mean Models Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes Exercises Appendix Bibliography Index