![[eBook Code] Geomorphology and Natural Hazards](./img_thumb2/9781118648612.jpg)
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![[eBook Code] Geomorphology and Natural Hazards](/img_thumb2/9781118648612.jpg)
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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 지구과학 > 지질학
· ISBN : 9781118648612
· 쪽수 : 480쪽
· 출판일 : 2021-03-31
목차
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Natural Disasters and Sustainable Development in Dynamic Landscapes 1
1.1 Breaking News 1
1.2 Dealing with Future Disasters: Potentials and Problems 4
1.3 The Sustainable Society 5
1.4 Benefits from Natural Disasters 7
1.5 Summary 10
References 10
2 Defining Natural Hazards, Risks, and Disasters 13
2.1 Hazard Is Tied To Assets 13
2.1.1 Frequency and magnitude 14
2.1.2 Hazard cascades 16
2.2 Defining and Measuring Disaster 17
2.3 Trends in Natural Disasters 18
2.4 Hazard is Part of Risk 19
2.4.1 Vulnerability 19
2.4.2 Elements at risk 21
2.4.3 Risk aversion 23
2.4.4 Risk is a multidisciplinary expectation of loss 23
2.5 Risk Management and the Risk Cycle 24
2.6 Uncertainties and Reality Check 25
2.7 A Future of More Extreme Events? 26
2.8 Read More About Natural Hazards and Disasters 28
References 30
3 Natural Hazards and Disasters through The Geomorphic Lens 33
3.1 Drivers of Earth Surface Processes 34
3.1.1 Gravity, solids, and fluids 34
3.1.2 Motion mainly driven by gravity 36
3.1.3 Motion mainly driven by water 37
3.1.4 Motion mainly driven by ice 39
3.1.5 Motion driven mainly by air 40
3.2 Natural Hazards and Geomorphic Concepts 40
3.2.1 Landscapes are open, nonlinear systems 40
3.2.2 Landscapes adjust to maximise sediment transport 41
3.2.3 Tectonically active landscapes approach a dynamic equilibrium 43
3.2.4 Landforms develop toward asymptotes 44
3.2.5 Landforms record recent most effective events 46
3.2.6 Disturbances travel through landscapes 46
3.2.7 Scaling relationships inform natural hazards 48
References 48
4 Geomorphology Informs Natural Hazard Assessment 51
4.1 Geomorphology Can Reduce Impacts from Natural Disasters 51
4.2 Aims of Applied Geomorphology 53
4.3 The Geomorphic Footprints of Natural Disasters 54
4.4 Examples of Hazard Cascades 56
4.4.1 Megathrust earthquakes, Cascadia subduction zone 56
4.4.2 Postseismic river aggradation, southwest New Zealand 58
4.4.3 Explosive eruptions and their geomorphic aftermath, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile 59
4.4.4 Hotter droughts promote less stable landscapes, western United States 59
References 60
5 Tools for Predicting Natural Hazards 63
5.1 The Art of Prediction 63
5.2 Types of Models for Prediction 66
5.3 Empirical Models 67
5.3.1 Linking landforms and processes 68
5.3.2 Regression models 70
5.3.3 Classification models 72
5.4 Probabilistic Models 73
5.4.1 Probability expresses uncertainty 74
5.4.2 Probability is more than frequency 77
5.4.3 Extreme-value statistics 80
5.4.4 Stochastic processes 81
5.4.5 Hazard cascades, event trees, and network models 83
5.5 Prediction and Model Selection 84
5.6 Deterministic Models 85
5.6.1 Static models 85
5.6.2 Dynamic models 86
References 90
6 Earthquake Hazards 95
6.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Earthquakes 95
6.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Earthquakes 97
6.2.1 The seismic hazard cascade 97
6.2.2 Post-seismic and inter-seismic impacts 99
6.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Earthquakes 100
6.3.1 Offset landforms 101
6.3.2 Fault trenching 102
6.3.3 Coseismic deposits 104
6.3.4 Buildings and trees 107
References 107
7 Volcanic Hazards 111
7.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Volcanic Eruptions 111
7.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions 113
7.2.1 The volcanic hazard cascade 113
7.2.2 Geomorphic impacts during eruption 114
7.2.3 Impacts on the atmosphere 115
7.2.4 Geomorphic impacts following an eruption 116
7.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Volcanic Impacts 118
7.3.1 Effusive eruptions 118
7.3.2 Explosive eruptions 120
7.4 Climate-Driven Changes in Crustal Loads 124
References 125
8 Landslides and Slope Instability 131
8.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Landslides 131
8.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Landslides 134
8.2.1 Landslides in the hazard cascade 134
8.2.2 Landslides on glaciers 136
8.2.3 Submarine landslides 137
8.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Landslides 137
8.3.1 Landslide inventories 137
8.3.2 Reconstructing slope failures 138
8.4 Other Forms of Slope Instability: Soil Erosion and Land Subsidence 141
8.5 Climate Change and Landslides 143
References 146
9 Tsunami Hazards 151
9.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Tsunamis 151
9.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Tsunamis 153
9.2.1 Tsunamis in the hazard cascade 153
9.2.2 The role of coastal geomorphology 154
9.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Tsunamis 155
9.4 Future Tsunami Hazards 162
References 163
10 Storm Hazards 165
10.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Storms 165
10.1.1 Tropical storms 165
10.1.2 Extratropical storms 166
10.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Storms 167
10.2.1 The coastal storm-hazards cascade 167
10.2.2 The inland storm-hazard cascade 171
10.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Storms 172
10.3.1 Coastal settings 173
10.3.2 Inland settings 174
10.4 Naturally Oscillating Climate and Increasing Storminess 175
References 178
11 Flood Hazards 181
11.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Floods 182
11.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Floods 183
11.2.1 Floods in the hazard cascade 183
11.2.2 Natural dam-break floods 185
11.2.3 Channel avulsion 189
11.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Floods 190
11.4 Lessons from Prehistoric Megafloods 194
11.5 Measures of Catchment Denudation 196
11.6 The Future of Flood Hazards 198
References 200
12 Drought Hazards 205
12.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Droughts 205
12.1.1 Defining drought 206
12.1.2 Measuring drought 207
12.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Droughts 208
12.2.1 Droughts in the hazard cascade 208
12.2.2 Soil erosion, dust storms, and dune building 208
12.2.3 Surface runoff and rivers 210
12.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Drought Impacts 211
12.4 Towards More Megadroughts? 215
References 216
13 Wildfires 219
13.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Wildfires 219
13.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Wildfires 221
13.2.1 Wildfires in the hazard cascade 221
13.2.2 Direct fire impacts 221
13.2.3 Indirect and post-fire impacts 222
13.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Wildfires 225
13.4 Towards More Megafires? 227
References 228
14 Snow and Ice Hazards 231
14.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Snow and Ice Hazards 231
14.2 Geomorphic Impact of Snow and Ice Hazards 232
14.2.1 Snow and ice in the hazard cascade 232
14.2.2 Snow and ice avalanches 233
14.2.3 Jokulhlaups ¨ 236
14.2.4 Degrading permafrost 237
14.2.5 Other ice hazards 239
14.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Snow and Ice Processes 240
14.4 Atmospheric Warming and Cryospheric Hazards 241
References 243
15 Sea-Level Change and Coastal Hazards 247
15.1 Frequency and Magnitude of Sea-Level Change 248
15.2 Geomorphic Impacts of Sea-Level Change 250
15.2.1 Sea levels in the hazard cascade 250
15.2.2 Sedimentary coasts 251
15.2.3 Rocky coasts 253
15.3 Geomorphic Tools for Reconstructing Past Sea Levels 254
15.4 A Future of Rising Sea Levels 257
References 259
16 How Natural are Natural Hazards? 263
16.1 Enter the Anthropocene 263
16.2 Agriculture, Geomorphology, and Natural Hazards 266
16.3 Engineered Rivers 270
16.4 Engineered Coasts 272
16.5 Anthropogenic Sediments 274
16.6 The Urban Turn 277
16.7 Infrastructure’s Impacts on Landscapes 278
16.8 Humans and Atmospheric Warming 279
16.9 How Natural Are Natural Hazards and Disasters? 281
References 283
17 Feedbacks with the Biosphere 287
17.1 The Carbon Footprint of Natural Disasters 287
17.1.1 Erosion and intermittent burial 289
17.1.2 Organic carbon in river catchments 291
17.1.3 Climatic disturbances 293
17.2 Protective Functions 296
17.2.1 Forest ecosystems 296
17.2.2 Coastal ecosystems 299
References 303
18 The Scope of Geomorphology in Dealing with Natural Risks and Disasters 309
18.1 Motivation 310
18.2 The Geomorphologist’s Role 312
18.3 The Disaster Risk Management Process 313
18.3.1 Identify stakeholders 313
18.3.2 Know and share responsibilities 314
18.3.3 Understand that risk changes 315
18.3.4 Analyse risk 316
18.3.5 Communicate and deal with risk aversion 317
18.3.6 Evaluate risks 319
18.3.7 Share decision making 321
18.4 The Future—Beyond Risk? 322
18.4.1 Limitations of the risk approach 323
18.4.2 Local and regional disaster impact reduction 323
18.4.3 Relocation of assets 325
18.4.4 A way forward? 325
References 327
19 Conclusions 329
19.1 Natural Disasters Have Immediate and Protracted Geomorphic Consequences 329
19.2 Natural Disasters Motivate Predictive Geomorphology 329
19.3 Natural Disasters Disturb Sediment Fluxes 330
19.4 Geomorphology of Anthropocenic Disasters 331
References 332
20 Glossary 333
