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· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 환경과학
· ISBN : 9781119413226
· 쪽수 : 480쪽
· 출판일 : 2020-07-30
목차
Dedication 13
Tables
Figures
Boxes
Case Studies
Preface to the second edition 14
Preface to the first edition 15
Acknowledgements 16
Chapter 1 – Preparation 19
Choosing a topic for study 20
Ecological research questions 22
Monitoring individual species and groups of species 22
Monitoring species richness 23
Monitoring population sizes and density 23
Monitoring community structure 24
Monitoring behaviour 24
A note of caution 25
Creating aims, objectives and hypotheses 27
Reviewing the literature 28
Primary literature 29
Secondary literature 29
Other sources of information 29
Search terms 30
Reading papers 30
Practical considerations 31
Legal aspects 31
Ethical issues 32
Health and safety issues 33
Implementation 35
Pilot studies 39
Time management 39
Statistical considerations in project design 42
Designing and setting up experiments and surveys 44
Choosing sampling methods 45
Types of data 45
Sampling designs 47
Planning statistical analysis 54
Summary 59
Chapter 2 – Monitoring site characteristics 63
Site selection 63
Site characterisation 64
Habitat mapping 65
Examination of landscape scale 72
Measuring microclimatic variables 73
Monitoring substrates 79
Monitoring water 84
Other physical attributes 88
Measuring biological attributes 91
Identification 97
Chapter 3 – Sampling plants and other static organisms 103
Sampling techniques for static organisms 106
Seeds, fecundity and population dynamics 109
Quadrat sampling 110
Pin-frames 120
Transects 121
Distribution of static organisms 125
Forestry techniques 126
Chapter 4 – Sampling mobile organisms 134
General issues 134
Distribution of mobile organisms 138
Direct observation 138
Behaviour 139
Indirect methods 144
Capture techniques 144
Marking individuals 147
Radio-tracking 151
Population dynamics 152
Invertebrates 154
Direct observation 155
Indirect methods 157
Capture techniques 158
Marking individuals 160
Capturing aquatic invertebrates 164
Netting 166
Suction sampling 171
Benthic coring 171
Drags, dredges and grabs 172
Wet extraction 173
Artificial substrate samplers 174
Baited traps and refuges 175
Capturing soil-living invertebrates 177
Sieving 177
Floatation and phase-separation 178
Tullgren funnels and similar methods of dry extraction 179
Chemical extraction 182
Electrical extraction 183
Capturing ground-active invertebrates 184
Pitfall traps 184
Suction samplers 194
Emergence traps 196
Capturing invertebrates from plants 198
Pootering 200
Sweep netting 202
Beating 203
Fogging 204
Capturing airborne invertebrates 206
Sticky traps 209
Using attractants 210
Refuges 213
Flight interception (window and malaise) traps 214
Light traps 217
Rotary traps 226
Water (pan) traps 227
Fish 229
Direct observation 231
Indirect methods 232
Capture techniques 232
Marking individuals 237
Amphibians 239
Direct observation 241
Indirect methods 242
Capture techniques 243
Marking individuals 248
Reptiles 249
Direct observation 249
Indirect methods 250
Capture techniques 251
Marking individuals 256
Birds 258
Direct observation 260
Indirect methods 267
Capture techniques 270
Marking individuals 274
Mammals 276
Direct observation 277
Indirect methods 280
Capture techniques 288
Marking individuals 297
Chapter 5 – Analysing and interpreting information 298
Keys to tests 301
Exploring and describing data 306
Transforming and screening data 306
Spatial and temporal distributions 313
Population estimation techniques: densities and population sizes 314
Richness and diversity 319
Similarity, dissimilarity and distance coefficients 320
Recording descriptive statistics 322
Testing hypotheses using basic statistical tests and simple general linear models 322
Differences between samples 326
Relationships between variables 329
Associations between frequency distributions 334
More advanced general linear models for predictive analysis 336
Multiple regression 336
Analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of variance 338
Discriminant function analysis 340
Generalized linear models 341
Extensions of the generalized linear model 345
Extensions of generalized linear models and GAMs into mixed-effects models 346
Statistical methods to examine pattern and structure in communities: classification, indicator species and ordination 347
Classification 348
Indicator species analysis 353
Ordination 355
Chapter 6 – Presenting information 367
Written reports 368
Title 369
Abstract 370
Acknowledgements 370
Contents 371
Introduction 371
Methods 372
Results 373
Discussion 378
References 379
Appendices 383
Archiving Data 383
Authors' Contributions 383
Writing style 384
Tense 386
Numbers 386
Abbreviations 388
Punctuation 389
Choice of font 391
Common mistakes 392
Computer files 393
Specific guidance for writing for a journal 394
Specific guidance for preparing a poster 397
Specific guidance for preparing an oral presentation 402
Summary 405
References 406
Appendix: Glossary of statistical terms 438
Index
