Geothermal Systems and Energy Resources : Turkey and Greece (Hardcover)

About the book series
Editorial board
Contributors
Preface by Ladislaus Rybach
Editors’ foreword
About the editors
Acknowledgements

1. Chemical and isotopic constraints on the origin of thermal waters in Anatolia, Turkey: fluid?mineral equilibria approach
Halim Mutlu, Nilgun Gulec & David R. Hilton
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Geological setting
1.3 Water chemistry
1.4 Geothermometry applications
1.4.1 Chemical geothermometers
1.4.2 Na?K?Mg diagram
1.5 Stable isotopes
1.5.1 δ18O?δD compositions
1.5.2 δ34S?δ13C compositions
1.6 Mineral equilibrium calculations

2. Gas geochemistry of Turkish geothermal fluids: He?CO2 systematics in relation to active tectonics and volcanism
Nilgun Gulec, Halim Mutlu & David R. Hilton
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Framework of tectonic, volcanic, and geothermal activities
2.3 He?CO2 systematics
2.4 Discussion
2.4.1 Physicochemical processes in hydrothermal systems
2.4.2 Volatile provenance: relative contributions of mantle and crustal components
2.4.3 Spatial distribution of mantle volatiles: relation to tectonic and volcanic activities
2.5 Conclusions

3. Geothermal fields and thermal waters of Greece: an overview
Nicolaos Lambrakis, Konstantina Katsanou & George Siavalas
3.1 Prologue?historical background
3.2 Introduction
3.3 The paleogeographical setting of Greece
3.4 Volcanism of Greece
3.5 The distribution of heat flow and cause of geothermal anomalies in Greece
3.5.1 Back-arc regions
3.5.2 Volcanic arc of the South Aegean Sea
3.5.3 Western Greece
3.6 Geological setting of the major geothermal fields
3.6.1 Back-arc geothermal fields of Greece
3.6.2 Volcanic arc of South Aegean Sea
3.6.3 Low-enthalpy geothermal fields of western Greece
3.7 Chemical composition of thermal and mineral waters
3.7.1 Materials and methods
3.7.2 Hydrochemistry of geothermal fields
3.7.2.1 Hydrochemistry of back-arc geothermal fields
3.7.2.2 Hydrochemistry of Aegean volcanic arc geothermal fields
3.7.2.3 Hydrochemistry of geothermal fields from western Greece
3.7.2.4 Minor and trace elements of Greek thermal waters
3.8 Conclusions

4. Geological setting, geothermal conditions and hydrochemistry of south and southeastern Aegean geothermal systems
Maria Papachristou, Konstantinos Voudouris, Stylianos Karakatsanis, Walter D’Alessandro & Konstantinos Kyriakopoulos
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General geological setting
4.2.1 South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc
4.3 Regional geological and geothermal setting
4.3.1 Milos
4.3.2 Kimolos
4.3.3 Santorini
4.3.4 Nisyros
4.3.5 Kos
4.3.6 Ikaria Island
4.3.7 Chios Island
4.4 Sampling and data analysis
4.5 Results
4.5.1 Major elements composition
4.5.2 Hydrochemistry and water types
4.5.2.1 Milos Island
4.5.2.2 Kimolos Island
4.5.2.3 Santorini Island
4.5.2.4 Nisyros Island
4.5.2.5 Kos Island
4.5.2.6 Ikaria Island
4.5.2.7 Chios Island
4.5.3 Trace elements composition
4.6 Statistical analysis
4.6.1 Cluster analysis
4.6.2 Factor analysis
4.7 Discussion and conclusion

5. Application of hydrogeochemical techniques in geothermal systems; examples from the eastern Mediterranean region
Aysen Davraz
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hydrogeochemical evaluation of geothermal fluids
5.2.1 Collection of samples
5.2.2 In situ measurements
5.2.3 Chemical analyses
5.2.4 Data interpretation
5.2.4.1 Case studies in the eastern Mediterranean region
5.3 Processes affecting geothermal fluid composition
5.3.1 The saturation indices of geothermal waters in the eastern Mediterranean region
5.4 Geothermometry
5.4.1 Chemical geothermometers
5.4.1.1 Silica geothermometry
5.4.1.2 Cation geothermometry
5.4.2 Isotope geothermometers
5.4.2.1 Oxygen isotope geothermometry
5.4.3 Gas geothermometers
5.4.4 Geothermometer applications in the eastern Mediterranean region
5.5 Stable isotope applications
5.5.1 Results from the stable isotope analysis in the eastern Mediterranean region
5.6 Conclusions

6. Hydrochemical investigations of thermal and mineral waters in the Turgutlu-Salihli-Ala¸sehir plain (Gediz graben), western Turkey
Tugbanur Ozen & Gultekin Tarcan
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Geological and hydrogeological settings
6.3 General information of the geothermal areas
6.4 Hydrochemical settings
6.4.1 Geothermometry applications
6.4.1.1 Chemical geothermometers
6.4.1.2 The ternary (Na?K?Mg) diagram
6.4.2 Mineral saturation
6.5 Conclusions

7. Electrically conductive structures and geothermal model in Sakarya-Goynuk area in eastern Marmara region inferred from magnetotelluric data
Ilyas Caglar
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Near-surface and deep electrical structure
7.3 Geoelectric structure and geothermal model
7.4 Conclusion

8. Use of sulfur isotopes on low-enthalpy geothermal systems in Aya¸s-Beypazarı (Ankara), central Anatolia, Turkey
Mehmet Celik
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Geology and hydrogeology
8.3 Hydrochemical and isotopic studies
8.3.1 Hydrochemical and isotopic evaluation
8.3.2 Sulfur isotope evaluation
8.4 Results

9. Geochemistry of thermal waters in eastern Anatolia: a case study from Diyadin (Agrı) and Ercis-Zilan (Van)
Suzan Pasvanoglu
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Site description
9.2.1 Diyadin (Agrı) area
9.2.2 Zilan (Van-Ercis) area
9.3 Field survey?methodology?analysis
9.4 Geological setting
9.4.1 Geology of Diyadin geothermal field
9.4.2 Geology of Zilan geothermal field
9.5 Hydrgeology
9.5.1 Diyadin (Agri) geothermal field
9.5.2 Zilan (Ercis) geothermal field
9.6 Results and discussion
9.6.1 Water chemistry 159
9.6.2 Trace element contents of Diyadin waters
9.6.3 Geothermometers
9.6.4 Isotopic composition of waters
9.7 Conclusion

10. Balcova geothermal field district heating system: lessons learned from 16 years of application
Mahmut Parlaktuna
10.1 Geographical setting, geology, and geochemistry of the field
10.2 Development of the field
10.3 Utilization of the field
10.4 Lessons learned
10.4.1 Pipeline network
10.4.2 Decline in reservoir pressure
10.4.3 Pricing policy
10.5 Current status of the field

11. Rapid development of geothermal power generation in Turkey
Murat Karadas & Gulden Gokcen Akkurt
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Present status of geothermal power plants in Turkey (2013)
11.3 Characteristics of geothermal resources in Aegean region 1
11.4 Types of geothermal power plants for reservoir characteristics of Aegean region
11.4.1 Single and double flash geothermal power plants
11.4.2 Binary cycle geothermal power plants
11.5 Geothermal power plants in Turkey
11.5.1 Kizildere geothermal power plant
11.5.1.1 Brief historical development of Denizli-Kizildere geothermal field
11.5.1.2 Power generation
11.5.1.3 Scaling problems in Kizildere geothermal power plant
11.5.1.4 Future of Denizli-Kizildere geothermal field
11.5.2 Dora geothermal power plants
11.5.2.1 Brief historical development of Salavatlı geothermal field
11.5.2.2 Dora-1 geothermal power plant
11.5.2.3 Power generation
11.5.2.4 Performance assessment of the plant
11.5.3 Germencik double flash geothermal power plant
11.5.3.1 Brief historical development of Germencik-Omerbeyli geothermal field
11.5.3.2 Power generation of the plant
11.5.4 Tuzla geothermal power plant
11.5.4.1 Brief historical development of tuzla geothermal field
11.5.4.2 Power generation and performance assessment of the plant
11.5.4.3 Scaling problems of the plant
11.5.5 Other geothermal power plants
11.5.5.1 Bereket geothermal power plant
11.5.5.2 Dora-2 geothermal power plant
11.5.5.3 Irem geothermal power plant
11.6 Conclusion

12. Scaling problem of the geothermal system in Turkey
Irmak Dogan, Mustafa M. Demir & Alper Baba
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Geothermal energy in Turkey
12.3 Scaling in geothermal system of Turkey
12.4 Conclusion

13. Exergetic and exergoeconomic aspects of ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps in Turkey
Arif Hepbasli & Ebru Hancioglu Kuzgunkaya
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Energetic, exergetic, and exergoeconomic relations
13.2.1 Mass, energy, entropy, and exergy balances
13.2.2 Energy and exergy efficiencies
13.2.3 Exergetic improvement potential
13.2.4 Some thermodynamic parameters
13.2.5 Exergoeconomic analysis relations
13.3 Exergetically and exegoeconomically analyzed GSHPS
13.3.1 Exergetically analyzed GSHP systems
13.3.2 Greenhouses
13.3.3 Drying
13.3.4 Exergoeconomically analyzed GSHP systems
13.4 Concluding remarks

14. Application of geophysical methods in Gulbahce geothermal site, Urla-Izmir, western Anatolia
Oya Pamukcu, Tolga Gonenc, Petek Sındırgı & Alper Baba
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Geology and tectonic properties of study area
14.3 Geophysical studies
14.3.1 Gravity and magnetic
14.3.2 Self-potential
14.3.3 Vertical electrical sounding method
14.4 Result and conclusion

15. Palaeoenvironmental and palynological study of the geothermal area in the Gulbahce Bay (Aegean Sea, western Turkey)
Mine Sezgul Kayseri-Ozer, Bade Pekcetinoz & Erdeniz Ozel
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Geological setting and high-resolution shallow seismic study (3.5 khz)
15.3 Important plants and nonpollen palynomorphs of quaternary in Gulbahce Bay
15.3.1 Pollen
15.3.2 Nonpollens
15.4 Corals in Gulbahce Bay
15.5 Palynology
15.5.1 Reference zone
15.5.2 Defining palynomorphs of thermal spring locations from Gulbahce Bay
15.6 Palaeo environment
15.6.1 Terrestrial condition in the Gulbahce Bay
15.6.2 Marine condition in the Gulbahce Bay

Subject index
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