Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites (Hardcover)

Introduction: Definitions and ConceptsScope and DefinitionsRegulatory ContextEcorisk FrameworkThe Remedial ProcessSite Characterization and Scoping AssessmentThe Assessment Planning ProcessThe Assessment PlanBaseline Ecological Risk AssessmentRemedial Alternatives AssessmentEfficacy AssessmentDamage AssessmentTiers: Scoping, Screening, and Definitive AssessmentsRelationship to Human Health Risk AssessmentDifferences in Human Health and Ecological Risk AssessmentWhy Ecological Endpoints May be More Sensitive than HumansScale in Human Health and Ecological RiskParticipants in Ecological Risk AssessmentsProblem FormationRisk Managers and Risk AssessorsPhysical ScopeSpatial ExtantSpatial UnitsSource UnitsWatershed UnitsGroundwater UnitsTerrestrial Integrator UnitsSpatial SubunitsSite DescriptionSource DescriptionAssessment Endpoints SelectionSelection of Endpoint PropertiesSelection of Levels of Effect on Properties of Endpoint EntitiesConceptual ModelsConceptual Models of Alternative Baseline ScenariosComponents of a Conceptual ModelUnit Types and Default Conceptual ModelsSourcesRoutes of TransportExposure MediaReceptorsIndirect Exposure and EffectsOutput to Other UnitsRelationship to Other Conceptual ModelsForm of the Conceptual ModelAnalysis PlanMeasures of Exposure, Effects, and Environmental ConditionsSampling and Analysis PlanReference Sites and Reference InformationField Verification of the PlanDeviations and ContingenciesAnalysis of ExposureComponents of Analysis of ExposureSampling and Chemical Analysis of MediaChemical Analysis of Biota and BiomarkersBioassayBiosurveyTransport and Fate ModelsExposure ModelsExposure to Contaminants in Surface WaterExposure to Contaminants in SoilSampling, Extraction, and Chemical AnalysisPartial Chemical Extraction and NormalizationNonaqueous Phase LiquidsSoil Depth ProfileFuture ExposureExposure of Aquatic OrganismsExposure of PlantsRooting DepthRhizosphereWetlandsSoil PropertiesChemical FormChemical InteractionsInterspecies DifferencesAir as an Exposure RouteExposure of Soil InvertebratesDepth of Exposure and Ingested MaterialSoil Properties and Chemical InteractionsExposure of Soil Microbial CommunitiesExposure of WildlifeExposure Based on Internal MeasuresExposure Based on External MeasuresParameters for Estimation of ExposureUptake ModelsAquatic Organism UptakeTerrestrial Arthropod UptakeTerrestrial Vertebrate UptakePetroleum and Other Chemical MixturesSummary of Exposure CharacterizationScreening Against Ecotoxicological BenchmarksExposure ConcentrationsScreening MediaScreening ReceptorsScreening SitesData Collection and EvaluationData Adequacy and UncertaintiesPresentation of a Screening AssessmentRisk Characterization: DefinitiveSingle Chemical ToxicityAqueous Exposure of Aquatic OrganismsSediment Exposure of Benthic InvertibrateSoil Exposure of Plants, Invertebrates and Microbial CommunitiesMulti-Media Exposure of WildlifeBody Burdens of Endpoint OrganismsAmbient Media Toxicity TestsBiological SurveysBiomarkersWeight of EvidenceTriad AlternativesFuture RisksInterpretationReporting Ecological RisksUncertaintyConcepts and DefinitionsWhy Analyze Uncertainty?Quantitative Techniques for Analysis of UncertaintyMaking Sense of Uncertainty and ProbabilityMethods for ExposureMethods for EffectsMethods for Risk CharacterizationParameters to Treat as UncertainRemedial GoalsPreliminary Remedial GoalsPrigs for Surface WaterSedimentSoilModification of PRGsLand UseRemedial Goal OptionsHuman HealthRemedial DecisionsRisks From RemediationProblem FormulationConceptual Models for Alternatives AssessmentAssessment EndpointsExposure and Effects AssessmentCase StudiesRecoveryTime to RecoveryHastening RecoveryBalancing RisksDifferent Risk MetricsWin/Lose OutcomesLand Use Conflicts, Etc.Cost-Benefit AnalysisPost-Remedial AssessmentPost-Remedial MonitoringResidual RisksPreassessment Screen PhaseAssessment Plan PhaseAssessment PhaseQuantification PhaseDamage DeterminationPost-Assessment PhaseAlternative ApproachesConclusionsGlossaryAppendixReferences