경영학 연구방법

01 과학과 연구
제1절 과학적 연구의 본질 ············································································ 16
1. 과학 16
2. 과학적 연구 18
제2절 방법 및 자료에 따른 연구유형 ························································· 19
1. 실증적 연구 19
1) 개념 / 19
2) 연역적 연구 / 20
3) 장단점 / 22
2. 해석적 연구 22
1) 개념 / 22
2) 귀납적 연구 / 23
3) 장단점 / 25
3. 실증적 연구와 해석적 연구의 특징 비교 25
제3절 시점에 따른 연구유형 ········································································ 26
1. 횡단적 연구 26
2. 종단적 연구 27
제4절 실험에 따른 연구유형 ········································································ 28
1. 실험연구 28
2. 비실험연구 30
제5절 사회과학연구와 통계학 ···································································· 31
연습문제 33
02 측정과 설문지
제1절 측정의 과정 ······················································································· 38
1. 명제와 가설 38
2. 구성개념과 측정변수 41
3. 측정변수의 조건 45
4. 가설의 형태 45
5. 가설의 조건 46
6. 통계학과 가설검정 47
5
제2절 측정과 척도 ························································································ 48
1. 측정 48
2. 척도 50
3. 척도의 유형 50
1) 명목척도 / 51
2) 서열척도 / 52
3) 등간척도 / 54
4) 비율척도 / 57
5) 척도의 비교 / 58
제3절 측정도구의 신뢰도와 타당도 ····························································· 60
1. 신뢰도 개념 60
2. 타당도 개념 61
3. 타당도와 신뢰도의 관계 61
제4절 설문문항 ······························································································ 63
1. 개방형 문항 63
2. 폐쇄형 문항 64
3. 폐쇄형 문항의 유형 64
1) 찬반형 문항 / 65
2) 다선택형 문항 / 65
3) 서열형 문항 / 66
4) 여과형 문항 / 67
제5절 설문지 ·································································································· 68
1. 설문지 개념 68
2. 설문문항작성 69
3. 문항순서 72
4. 설문지 서문 72
5. 사전검사 73
제6절 구글 설문지 만들기 ··········································································· 74
연습문제 82
03 표본설계 및 자료수집
제1절 모집단과 표본 ····················································································· 92
1. 모수와 통계량 92
2. 기술통계학과 추론통계학 93
3. 분석단위 97
4. 표본오차 98
6
1) 표본추출오차 / 98
2) 비표본추출오차 / 99
5. 전수조사와 표본조사 99
6. 표본추출과정 100
제2절 표본추출방법 ····················································································· 102
1. 비확률표본추출 103
1) 판단표본추출 / 103
2) 할당표본추출 / 104
3) 편의표본추출 / 104
4) 눈덩이표본추출 / 105
2. 확률표본추출 105
1) 단순무작위표본추출 / 106
2) 체계적표본추출 / 107
3) 층화표본추출 / 109
4) 군집표본추출 / 111
제3절 자료수집의 유형 ··············································································· 112
1. 1차 자료 112
2. 2차 자료 113
1) 2차 자료의 필요성 / 113
2) 2차 자료의 유형 / 114
제4절 자료수집방법 ····················································································· 115
1. 배포조사 115
2. 우편조사 115
3. 인터넷조사 116
4. 전화조사 117
5. 자동응답전화조사 117
6. 면접조사 118
7. 관찰조사 119
8. 집단조사 120
9. 조사방법의 선택 기준 121
제5절 자료와 변수 ······················································································· 121
1. 질적 변수와 질적 자료 122
2. 양적 변수와 양적 자료 123
3. 척도수준과 통계분석방법 125
연습문제 126
7
04 기술통계분석
제1절 기술통계학 ························································································· 134
1. 기술통계학의 개념 134
제2절 중심치 ································································································ 137
1. 평균 137
2. 중앙치 140
3. 최빈치 143
4. 가중평균 144
제3절 자료의 분포 ······················································································ 147
1. 분포의 형태 147
2. 왜도 148
3. 첨도 149
제4절 산포치 ································································································ 150
1. 범 위 153
2. 분산과 표준편차 154
3. 변동계수 158
제5절 기술통계분석 ····················································································· 161
1. 데이터 분석도구 설치 161
2. 기술통계분석 163
(1) 입력 / 163
(2) 결과 / 164
3. 도수분포표 164
제6절 측도의 비교 ······················································································ 167
연습문제 168
05 확률과 확률분포
제1절 확률 ···································································································· 175
1. 확률의 개념 176
2. 확률의 계산 176
1) 고전적 정의 확률 / 179
2) 경험적 정의 확률 / 180
3) 주관적 정의 확률 / 181
제2절 확률변수와 확률분포 ········································································ 183
1. 확률변수 183
8
2. 확률분포 184
3. 확률변수와 확률분포의 종류 187
1) 확률변수의 종류 / 187
2) 확률분포의 종류 / 188
4. 확률분포함수 188
1) PDF와 CDF / 188
2) 기대치와 분산 / 190
3) 기대치와 분산의 법칙 / 192
연습문제 184
06 이산확률분포
제1절 이산균등분포 ····················································································· 200
1. 이산균등분포의 특징 200
2. 이산균등분포의 기대치와 분산 201
제2절 베르누이분포 ···················································································· 203
1. 베르누이시행 203
2. 배르누이분포의 특징 204
3. 베르누이분포의 기대치와 분산 204
제3절 이항분포 ···························································································· 205
1. 이항분포의 특징 205
2. 이항분포의 확률분포함수 206
3. 이항분포표 208
4. 이항분포의 엑셀함수 209
5. 이항분포의 모양 211
6. 이항분포의 기대치와 분산 212
제3절 포아송분포 ························································································ 214
1. 포아송분포의 특징 214
2. 확률분포함수 215
3. 포아송분포표 216
4. 포아송분포의 엑셀함수 217
5. 포아송분포의 모양 218
6. 포아송분포의 기대치와 분산 219
7. 이항분포의 포아송근사 219
연습문제 221
9
07 연속확률분포
제1절 정규분포 ···························································································· 228
1. 정규분포의 특징 228
2. 정규분포의 표준화 229
3. 표준정규분포표 233
4. 정규분포의 엑셀함수 237
5. 정규분포의 계산 예제 241
제2절 t -분포 ······························································································· 243
1. t -분포의 특징 243
2. t -분포표 245
3. t -분포의 엑셀함수 246
제3절 F -분포 ······························································································· 249
1. F-분포의 특징 249
2. F-분포표 251
3. F-분포의 엑셀함수 252
4. 모형의 비교 255
연습문제 256
08 표본분포
제1절 표본분포 ···························································································· 262
제2절 평균의 표본분포 ··············································································· 263
1. 평균의 표본분포의 개념 263
2. 평균의 표본분포의 사례 265
1) 2인 경우 / 265
2) 3인 경우 / 267
3. 평균의 표본분포의 특성 269
1) 평균과 표준편차 / 269
2) 중심극한정리 / 270
3) 대수의 법칙 / 270
제2절 비율의 표본분포 ··············································································· 273
연습문제 275
10
09 가설검정
제1절 가설검정의 원리 ··············································································· 280
1. 가설과 가설검정 280
2. 가설의 유형 281
3. 유의수준 283
4. 가설검정의 유형 285
5. 가설검정의 대상 286
6. 단측검정의 대립가설 287
제2절 모집단 평균의 검정 를 아는 경우 ··············································· 288
1. 가설검정 절차 288
2. ?값 292
1) 양측검정 / 293
2) 단측검정 / 294
제3절 모집단 평균의 검정 : 를 모르는 경우 ·········································· 296
1. 가설검정: 통계량기준 297
2. 가설검정: 확률기준 301
연습문제 304
10 분산분석
제1절 분산분석 개념 ··················································································· 310
제2절 일원요인분산분석 ············································································· 314
1. 일원요인분산분석의 가정 314
2. 분석모형 315
3. 엑셀 분석 316
1) 입력 / 316
2) 결과 / 317
3. 결과 해석 318
4. 일원요인분산분석의 실습 318
1) 분석모형 / 318
2) 엑셀 분석 / 319
3) 결과 해석 / 320
제3절 반복 없는 이원요인분산분석 ··························································· 321
1. 이원요인분산분석의 개념 321
2. 분석모형 322
3. 엑셀 분석 323
11
1) 입력 / 323
2) 결과 / 324
4. 결과 해석 324
제4절 반복 있는 이원요인분산분석 ·························································· 326
1. 상호작용의 개념 326
2. 분석모형 327
3. 엑셀 분석 328
1) 입력 / 328
2) 결과 / 329
4. 결과 해석 330
연습문제 332
11 상관분석
제1절 상관관계 ···························································································· 338
제2절 상관도 ······························································································· 340
1. 상관도의 개념 340
2. 상관도 그리기 342
1) 엑셀 분석 / 342
2) 결과 해석 / 343
제3절 상관계수 ···························································································· 343
1. 상관계수의 개념 343
2. 상관계수 구하기 345
1) 엑셀 분석 / 345
2) 결과 해석 / 346
3. 상관계수의 한계 347
제4절 상관분석 실습 ·················································································· 348
1. 상관도 그리기 348
1) 엑셀 분석 / 348
2) 결과 해석 / 349
2. 상관계수 구하기 349
1) 엑셀 분석 / 349
2) 결과 해석 / 350
제5절 상관관계와 인과관계 ········································································ 351
1. 독립변수와 종속변수 351
2. 인과관계 351
12
1) 선행성 / 352
2) 비허위성 / 354
3) 공변성 / 354
3. 상관분석과 회귀분석 355
연습문제 357
12 단순회귀모형
제1절 회귀분석의 개념 ··············································································· 362
1. 단순회귀분석 362
2. 회귀분석의 종류 363
제2절 단순회귀분석과 엑셀 ········································································· 368
1. 분석모형 368
2. 엑셀 분석 371
1) 입력 / 371
2) 결과 / 372
3. 결과 해석 373
1) 다중상관계수 / 373
2) 결정계수 / 374
3) 단순회귀모형의 검정 / 376
4) 단순회귀계수의 검정 / 377
5) 단순회귀식의 도출 / 379
6) 양측검정과 단측검정 / 381
7) 결과 요약 / 382
제3절 단순회귀분석 실습 ··········································································· 383
1. 분석모형 383
2. 엑셀 분석 383
1) 입력 / 383
2) 결과 / 384
3. 결과 해석 385
1) 상관계수 / 385
2) 결정계수 / 385
3) 단순회귀모형의 검정 / 385
4) 단순회귀계수의 검정 / 386
5) 단순회귀식의 도출 / 386
6) 결과 요약 / 387
제4절 회귀분석의 이론적 배경 ·································································· 388
1. 단순회귀식의 도출 388
13
2. 단순회귀모형의 가정 390
3. 결정계수 392
1) 변동의 분해 / 339
2) 결정계수의 도출 / 393
4. 단순회귀모형 396
1) 단순회귀모형의 검정 / 396
2) 분산분석표 / 396
3) 검정방법 / 397
4. 회귀계수의 검정원리 400
1) 검정의 개념 / 400
2) 가설검정의 유형 / 402
3) 검정통계량 / 403
4) 검정방법론 / 404
5) 단순회귀계수의 검정 / 407
6. 단순상관분석 409
1) 상관계수의 도출 409
연습문제 411
13 다중회귀모형
제1절 다중회귀분석 ····················································································· 418
1. 다중회귀분석의 개념 418
2. 분석모형 419
3. 엑셀 분석 423
1) 입력 / 423
2) 결과 / 424
4. 결과 해석 424
1) [요약 출력] 표 / 424
2) 다중상관계수 / 425
3) 결정계수 / 425
4) 수정된 결정계수 / 425
5) 다중회귀모형의 검정 / 427
6) 다중회귀계수의 검정 / 428
7) 다중회귀식의 도출 / 429
8) 결과 요약 / 430
제2절 다중회귀분석 실습 ············································································· 431
1. 분석모형 431
2. 엑셀 분석 432
14
1) 입력 / 432
2) 결과 / 433
3. 결과 해석 434
1) 다중상관계수 / 434
2) 결정계수 / 434
3) 수정된 결정계수 / 434
4) 다중회귀모형의 검정 / 434
5) 다중회귀계수의 검정 / 435
6) 결과 요약 / 436
연습문제 437
부 록
1. 이항분포표 444
2. 포아송분포표 448
3. 표준정규분포표 451
4. t-분포표 452
5. F-분포표 454
6. 카이자승분포표 462
연습문제 해답 463