영어 음성학의 이해

1. 언어와 소리········································································· 11
1.1 언어와 소리······························································ 13
1.2 음성학(Phonetics)····················································· 15
1.3 영어의 발음과 철자·····················································17
1.4 말소리의 생성···························································· 18
1.4.1 호기(Egressive Air)와 흡기(Ingressive Air) 19
1.4.2 기류 기제(Airstream Mechanism) 20
1.5 발성 기관·································································· 22
1.5.1 성대 위쪽 기관(Supraglottal Organs) 22
1.5.2 성대 아래쪽 기관(Subglottal Organs) 29
연습문제 30

2. 모음····················································································33
2.1 모음의 표기······························································· 35
2.2 모음(Vowels)과 자음(Consonants)······························· 37
2.3 단순 모음(Monophthongs)과 이중 모음(Diphthongs)······ 40
2.4 모음 분류 기준··························································41
2.5 모음의 종류······························································ 45
2.5.1 전설 모음(Front Vowels) 45
2.5.2 전설 모음 연습 48
2.5.3 후설 모음(Back Vowels) 54
2.5.4 후설 모음 연습 58
2.5.5 중설 모음(Central Vowels) 62
2.5.6 중설 모음 연습 66
연습문제 70

3. 이중 모음···········································································73
3.1 이중 모음(Diphthongs)과 전이음(Glides)······················· 75
3.2 이중 모음의 구조 ····················································· 77
3.3 이중 모음의 발음······················································ 80
3.4 이중 모음 연습························································· 83
3.4.1 표준 이중 모음 83
3.4.2 기타 이중 모음 88
연습문제 90

4. 자음····················································································93
4.1 자음 분류 기준·························································· 95
4.2 파열음(Plosives)························································ 99
4.2.1 파열음 연습 101
4.2.1.1 양순 파열음(Bilabial Plosives) 101
4.2.1.2 치경 파열음(Alveolar Plosives) 103
4.2.1.3 연구개 파열음(Velar Plosives) 105
4.2.1.4 성문 파열음(Glottal Plosives) 107
4.2.2 대기음(Aspirated Sound)과 비대기음(Unaspirated Sound) 107
4.2.3 대기음과 비대기음 연습 108
4.2.4 불파음(Unreleased Sound) 109
4.2.5 불파음 연습 110
4.3 마찰음(Fricatives)····················································· 112
4.3.1 평설 마찰음(Slit Fricatives) 연습 115
4.3.1.1 순치 마찰음(Labiodental Fricatives) 115
4.3.1.2 치간 마찰음(Interdental Fricatives) 117
4.3.2 비평설 마찰음(Grooved Fricatives) 연습 119
4.3.2.1 치경 마찰음(Alveolar Fricatives) 119
4.3.2.2 치경경구개 마찰음(Alveopalatal Fricatives) 122
4.3.3 성문 마찰음(Glottal Fricative) 연습 123
4.4 파찰음(Affricates)···················································· 125
4.5 비음(Nasals)···························································· 128
4.5.1 비음 연습 131
4.5.1.1 양순 비음(Bilabial Nasal) 131
4.5.1.2 치경 비음(Alveolar Nasal) 132
4.5.1.3 연구개 비음(Velar Nasal) 133
4.6 유음(Liquids)··························································· 134
4.6.1 유음 연습 136
4.6.1.1 권설음(Alveolar Retroflex) 136
4.6.1.2 설측음(Alveolar Lateral) 137
4.7 설탄음(Flap)····························································· 140
4.8 영어와 국어의 자음 비교··········································· 145
연습문제 147

5. 음절·················································································· 149
5.1 음절 구조(Syllable Structure)······································ 151
5.2 음절무게(Syllable Weight)·········································· 158
5.3 음소배열론(Phonotactics)·········································· 160
5.4 공명도 계층(Sonority Hierarchy)과
성절 자음(Syllabic Consonant)··································· 163
연습문제 168

6. 음성 기술········································································· 171
6.1 음소(Phoneme)와 이음(Allophone)······························ 173
6.2 상보적 분포(Complementary Distriution)와
자유변이(Free Variation)············································ 177
6.3 간략 표기와 정밀 표기·············································· 180
연습문제 182

7. 강세·················································································· 185
7.1 강세(Stress)의 표기··················································· 189
7.2 단어 강세································································ 190
7.3 복합어 강세····························································· 196
7.4 구절 강세································································ 199
7.5 문장 강세································································ 201
연습문제 205

8. 억양과 리듬······································································ 207
8.1 억양(Intonation)························································· 209
8.1.1 231 ↘의 억양 211
8.1.2 2(1)3 ↗의 억양 213
8.1.3 여러 가지 억양 215
8.2 리듬(Rhythm)··························································· 218
연습문제 224