생산적 사고

?추악한 절차의 본질적 특징
?몇 가지 반론

Ⅲ 생산적 사고 과정 ··························································································063
?직사각형의 넓이 구하기
? 조작의 성격
? 전통적 관점에 대한 논평
? 관계에 대한 논평
? 수단-목표 제시에 대한 논평
? 곱셈의 의미에 대하여
?평행사변형 넓이 구하기
? 아동의 진정한 생산적 사고 과정
? 조작과 사고 과정의 성격
? 반복 훈련에 대한 논평
? 지각 가능한 과정의 그래프
? 관련된 구성 요소들. 지각에서와 마찬가지로 사고에서의 극적인 전환
? 필요한 조건은 무엇인가

Ⅳ 더 쉬운 길은 없는가? 경험의 역할 ·····························································091
?답을 찾지 못한 질문
?논리학자의 발언: 답이 포함된 질문
?목표 자체는 무엇인가?

제2장 - 맞꼭지각 문제 ······································································127
? 질문의 의미를 파악하는 데서의 어려움
Ⅰ 증명의 암송: 어리석은 오류와 타당한 절차 ················································129
?A형과 B형 과제
Ⅱ 증명 찾기 과정 ······························································································134
Ⅲ 구조적 문제: 한 쌍의 방정식의 구조 ··························································137
?이론적 정식화에 대한 논평
?왜 이 문제가 그렇게 어려운가?
?사고의 흐름
- ix -
Ⅳ 인간 사고의 본성에 관한 왜곡적인 전통 가정에 대한 논평 ·····················143

제3장 - 소년 가우스의 유명한 이야기 ··············································147
Ⅰ 독자를 위한 문제 ··························································································148
?소년 가우스의 이야기
?아동의 세 가지 유형의 생산적 사고 과정
?세 가지 유형의 차이와 공통점
Ⅱ 심리학자가 문제를 정면으로 다루다 ····························································160
?몇 가지 구조적 문제들
Ⅲ 왜 이 과제가 많은 사람들에게 어려운가? ··················································168
? 생산적 해법을 돕거나 방해하는 요인들
? 구조적 맹목성
?구조적 단순화
? 하기와 되돌리기에 대한 논평
? 일과 춤에 대한 여담
?구조적 탐구의 계속
?지각적으로 타당한 집단화의 경향
? 수와 도형 속에 자리 잡은 정사각형
? 지각과 합리적 타당성
? 각(angles) 관련 과제들
Ⅳ 심리학자가 구조적으로 단순화된 과제들에서 겪은 특이한 경험들,
구조적 맹목성 ································································································182
?반복 훈련의 역할에 대한 논평
? 저명한 심리학자의 논평
? 한 수학자의 논평
? 다른 심리학자의 논평
Ⅴ 쟁점(issue)의 심화 ························································································189
?사고 과정의 기록(프로토콜)
?첫 번째 국면
- x -
?두 번째 국면
? 전체-특성에 대한 논평
?세 번째 국면
?문제와 그 해결은 전체의 한 부분에 불과하다는 점
?엄밀성에 대한 논평

제4장 - 두 소년이 배드민턴을 치다; 한 소녀가 자신의 사무실을
묘사하다 ···············································································205
? 간단한 개관
Ⅰ 배드민턴 게임 이야기 ···················································································210
? 문제에 대한 반응 유형
?이야기의 계속: 소년의 해결 방식
?문제 해결 과정에서 나타나는 단계와 사고 작용의 성격 규정
? 중심화에 대하여
? 태도에 대하여
? 전환에 대하여
?중요한 쟁점에 대한 간단한 논평
Ⅱ 한 소녀가 자신의 사무실을 묘사하다. 기술(description) 속의 자아(Ego) ·····226
?기술(description)의 구조에 대한 논의
? 관계망
? 화살표의 발원점
? 직감

제5장 - 다각형 내각의 합 구하기 ·····················································245
?과정의 시작
?첫 번째 직감
?직관(intuition)
?일반 공식에 대한 논평
?특이한 발상
?내각, 구멍(the hole)
- xi -
?입체 도형
?과정의 성격 규정

제6장 - 갈릴레오의 발견 ···································································265
?서론
?단순화된 상황
Ⅰ 움직이는 물체의 속도는 어떻게 되는가? ····················································268
?가속도의 질서
Ⅱ 전체 그림의 다른 절반 ·················································································270
Ⅲ 간극과 발견 ···································································································271
?구조적 요구와 경험적 친숙성의 대립
?구조적 변화

제7장 - 아인슈타인: 상대성이론에 이르게 한 사고 ·························279
Ⅰ 제1막. 문제의 시작 ······················································································ 281
제2막. 빛이 절대 정지 상태를 규정하는가?
제3막. 단 하나의 대안을 향한 탐구
제4막. 미켈슨(Michelson)의 실험 결과와 아인슈타인
제5막. 로렌츠(Lorentz)의 해법
제6막. 이론적 상황의 재검토
제7막. 명확화를 향한 구체적 단계들
? 간극의 발견
? 그 결과들
제8막. 불변성과 변환
제9막. 운동과 공간, 그리고 사고 실험
제10막. 관찰과 실험을 위한 질문
Ⅱ 사고 과정에서 결정적 특징은 무엇이었는가? ············································ 302
?전통적 해석에 대한 논평
- xii -
?공리의 역할
?사고의 흐름에 대한 개관
?구조적 변화

결론 : 생산적 사고의 역동성과 논리 ····················································315
?요약
?게슈탈트 이론이 제시한 사고의 조작 도표
?세 가지 문제 유형
?사고의 역동 이론
?다른 두 가지 유형의 사고 과정
? 이론적 관점에서 본 그들의 관계
?전통적 접근에서 사용되는 조작의 모호성
?게슈탈트 논리에 대하여
? 범주(class)와 논리의 몇 가지 기본 조작에 대한 논평
?사고 과정에서의 방향성
부록 ······································································································365
? 급수의 합 ···············································································································366
? 입체각(역자) ···········································································································375
찾아보기 ······························································································381