여성과 경제

제1부 | 삶에서 죽음까지의 과정에서 겪는 여성의 경제적 현실
1장 여성과 남성은 다른가? 달라지는가? ·······················································3
1. 여성으로 태어나는가? 여성으로 만들어지는가? ·················································5
2. 여성과 남성은 어떻게 다른가? ········································································10
3. 왜 여성과 남성은 밥을 두고 다르게 행동하는가? ···········································13
4. 왜 성별이 문제가 아니고 성별관계가 문제인가? ·············································21
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ················································23
2장 여성과 남성은 다르게 태어나는가? ·······················································24
1. 왜 인류는 점점 더 자손을 적게 가지려 하나? ················································25
2. 경제 성장과 출산율의 경제학 ········································································36
3. 출산과 양육에 대한 경제 이론 ········································································39
4. 왜 출산은 여성에게 더 큰 경제적 의미가 있는가? ·········································42
5. 왜 여성은 남성보다 적게 태어나는가? ··························································45
6. 왜 한국에서 남초 현상이 없어지고 있는가? ····················································50
7. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································53
3장 여성과 남성은 다르게 성장하는가? ·····················································55
1. 왜 부모는 딸과 아들을 다르게 키우는가? ·······················································56
2. 한국은 인적자본 투자에 얼마나 지출하는가? ··················································58
3. 한국에서는 여아와 남아 중에 어느 성별이 더 교육을 받는가? ·······················60
4. 왜 한국은 여학생들이 인적자본 투자를 더 많이 하는가? ·······························63
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ················································67
4장 여성과 남성의 결혼은 다른 경제적 결과를 가져오는가? ·······················69
1. 연애는 어떤 경제적 결과를 가져오는가? ·························································70
2. 사람들은 왜 결혼을 하는가? ···········································································74
3. 결혼은 여성에게 어떤 경제적 결과를 가져오는가? ········································79
4. 결혼의 대체재는 어떤 것이 있는가? ·······························································88
5. 가정 내의 권력관계를 둘러싼 갈등은 어떤 모습인가? ·····································92
6. 이혼은 어떤 경제적 영향을 주는가? ······························································93
7. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ················································99
5장 여성과 남성은 경제적으로 다르게 늙고 죽는가? ································100
1. 여성과 남성은 어떻게 다르게 늙는가? ························································101
2. 여성과 남성의 노화는 어떤 경제적 결과를 가져오는가? ·····························104
3. 왜 여성노인은 특히 가난한가? ····································································108
4. 죽음과 죽음 후에도 여성과 남성은 경제적으로 차이가 있는가? ···················111
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································112

제2부 | 생산과 분배 과정에서 겪는 여성의 경제적 현실
6장 왜 여성은 남성과는 다르게 생산활동을 하는가? ································117
1. 왜 여성이 하는 일은 가치생산의 기록부에 포함되지 않는가? ·····················118
2. 돌봄노동과 가사노동을 가치로 인정한 국민소득 ···········································122
3. 여성이 생산에 참여할 때 나타나는 특징은 무엇인가? ··································123
4. 여성의 이중노동은 사랑인가? 착취인가? 차별인가? ······································128
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································130
7장 왜 여성은 더 적게 분배받는가? ··························································132
1. 왜 여성은 더 적게 버는가? ···········································································133
2. 왜 여성은 더 적은 자산을 가지는가? ···························································139
3. 여성은 왜 더 가난한가? ················································································142
4. 임금격차의 해소를 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ·················································144
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································145
8장 왜 여성은 자산시장에서 배제되는가? ················································147
1. 여성은 위험을 기피하는 성품이라서 자산시장에서 배제되는가? ····················148
2. 자산은 누가 가지는가? ··················································································152
3. 왜 여성에게 금융시장의 문턱이 높은가? ·······················································154
4. 금융시장에서 여성 배제는 여성에게 어떤 결과를 가져오는가? ·····················154
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································155
9장 왜 여성은 기업경영에서 배제되어 있는가? ·········································157
1. 왜 여성기업인은 드문가? ··············································································158
2. 여성이 기업경영을 잘하기 어려운 이유는 무엇인가? ····································160
3. 왜 여성은 기업 이사회에 들어가기 어려운가? ··············································161
4. 여성기업인은 돈벌이에 무능한가? ·································································163
5. 왜 여성기업인이 필요한가? ···········································································164
6. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································165
10장 여성의 몸은 어떻게 소비되는가? ························································168
1. 몸을 사는가? 몸을 지배하는가? ····································································169
2. 한국의 성산업은 어느 정도 규모인가? ··························································172
3. 한국의 성산업 – 대부업 – 성형산업의 커넥션 ··············································175
4. 성매매방지특별법의 경제학은 어떻게 작동하는가? ········································178
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································179

제3부 | 사회생활에서 겪는 여성의 경제적 현실
11장 자본주의는 어떻게 여성을 이용하는가? ··············································183
1. 자본주의 축적 구조 속에서의 여성의 역할은 무엇인가? ·······························184
2. 상품을 팔기 위한 광고물과 상품을 사는 구매자로서의 여성 ························186
3. 세계화된 자본주의에서 여성은 어떻게 이용되는가? ······································190
4. 거시경제의 경기변동은 여성을 어떻게 이용하는가? ······································193
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································195
12장 과학 발전은 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ···························196
1. 과학은 여성에게 무엇인가? ·········································································197
2. 자연과학의 발전은 여성에게 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ····································199
3. 가정용 내구재와 피임 도구의 발명과 여성의 경제 ········································200
4. 3차 산업혁명과 4차 산업혁명 그리고 여성의 경제 ·······································201
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································203
13장 폭력은 어떻게 여성의 경제에 영향을 주는가? ····································205
1. 왜 여성은 쉽게 폭력의 피해자로 전락하는가? ··············································206
2. 전쟁은 여성의 경제적 삶에 어떤 영향을 주는가? ·········································210
3. 연인 사이의 폭력을 경제적 관점에서 어떻게 설명할 수 있는가? ·················211
4. 가정폭력의 발생과 여성의 경제력 사이에는 어떤 상관관계가 있는가? ·········213
5. 성폭력은 어떤 경제 결과를 여성에게 남기는가? ···········································215
6. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································217
14장 권력은 어떻게 여성의 경제를 관리하는가? ·········································219
1. 국가는 여성에게 무엇인가? ···········································································220
2. 국가는 여성들을 어떻게 관리하는가? ····························································222
3. 정치는 어떻게 여성의 경제적 삶에 영향을 미치는가? ··································224
4. 여성은 얼마나 정치적 권력을 가지고 있는가? ··············································225
5. 왜 여성은 권력에서 배제되었는가? ·······························································227
6. 여성이 권력을 잡으면 어떤 결과가 나오는가? ··············································229
7. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································230
15장 법은 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? ·······································233
1. 법은 여성에게 무엇인가? ············································································234
2. 여성 관련법은 어떻게 작동하고 어떤 영향을 미치는가? ·····························235
3. 법은 여성에게 어떤 경제적 결과를 가져오는가? ···········································236
4. 왜 여성은 법적 권력을 많이 가지지 못하는가? ··········································238
5. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································240
16장 종교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? ····································242
1. 세계 종교는 어떤 젠더 인식을 가지고 있는가? ············································244
2. 종교의 가부장성은 여성에게 어떤 경제적 결과를 가져왔는가? ·····················246
3. 불교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ··············································250
4. 유교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ··············································253
5. 기독교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ···········································255
6. 이슬람교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ········································258
7. 한국에서 종교는 여성의 경제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? ·······························261
8. 한 걸음 더 나아가기 위해 무엇을 할 것인가? ··············································265
참고문헌 / 269
인명색인 / 293
사항색인 / 295

<표‧그림목차>
▮그림 차례
<그림 1-1> 성별관계와 성별관계 변화의 원인 ········································································22
<그림 2-1> 한국의 성별 인구 비중 ·························································································25
<그림 2-2> 한국의 성비 추이 ··································································································25
<그림 2-3> 연령대별 여성고용률 ·····························································································33
<그림 2-4> 한국의 합계출산율 ································································································35
<그림 2-5> 한국의 영아사망률 ································································································52
<그림 3-1> 한국의 교육비 지출 추이 ······················································································59
<그림 4-1> 독신과 부부의 생산가능곡선 ·················································································78
<그림 4-2> 한국의 혼인 건수와 조혼인율 ···············································································87
<그림 4-3> 한국의 이혼 추이 ··································································································96
<그림 4-4> 한국의 가구 수와 1인 가구 수 추이 ····································································97
<그림 5-1> 한국인의 기대수명 추이 ·····················································································101
<그림 6-1> 빙산모형으로 보는 가치생산모형 ········································································119
<그림 6-2> 성 인지적 국민경제순환도 ··················································································121
<그림 6-3> 한국의 성별 경제 활동 추이 ··············································································127
<그림 6-4> 한국의 고용률 추이 ····························································································127
<그림 6-5> 한국의 실업률 추이 ····························································································127
<그림 7-1> 한국 여성의 근로시간과 임금수준 ······································································134
<그림 7-2> 한국 여성의 빈곤율 추이 ····················································································142
<그림 13-1> 2016년 성별 범죄 피해자 현황 ·········································································216
<그림 14-1> 국회의원 여성 비율 ··························································································225
<그림 14-2> 지방의회의원 여성 비율 ···················································································225

▮표 차례
<표 2-1> 출생아 수, 출산 순위별 출생 성비, 조출생률 및 합계출산율 ··································26
<표 2-2> 한국 초혼 신혼부부의 자녀 출산 현황 ·····································································45
<표 2-3> 한국의 출생아 수와 출산 순위별 성비 ·····································································50
<표 3-1> 한국의 연령별 교육 기간 ·························································································60
<표 3-2> 2016년 한국 학생들의 사교육 시간 ········································································61
<표 3-3> 2016년 한국 청소년이 고민하는 문제(13∼24세) ···················································62
<표 4-1> 한국 가정의 가사노동 분담 실태 ·············································································83
<표 4-2> 한국의 가정폭력 피해 건수 추이 ·············································································85
<표 4-3> 가족관계 만족도 ·······································································································85
<표 4-4> 평균 초혼연령 및 초혼부부 혼인 건수 ·····································································86
<표 4-5> 연령별 이혼 건수 ·····································································································96
<표 5-1> 한국의 성별 기대수명 추이 ····················································································102
<표 5-2> 2016년 한국의 유병기간 제외한 성별 기대수명 ···················································102
<표 5-3> 한국의 연령대별 인구 ····························································································103
<표 5-4> 한국 노인의 노후 희망 사항 ··················································································104
<표 5-5> 한국 노인 기초생활보장 수급자 ···········································································106
<표 5-6> 한국 고령층 저임금 및 최저임금 노동 비중 ··························································108
<표 5-7> 한국 고령층 생활비 주 제공자(가구주) ··································································109
<표 5-8> 2019년 성별 국민연금 수급자 ··············································································110
<표 5-9> 한국 국민연금 수급 추이 ·······················································································111
<표 6-1> 한국의 가계생산 위성계정 ·····················································································123
<표 6-2> 2017년 한국의 성별 7대 일자리 ··········································································124
<표 6-3> 종사상 지위별 취업자 구성비 ················································································125
<표 6-4> 20대 여성 취업에 대한 견해 ·················································································129
<표 6-5> 여성 취업 장애 요인에 대한 인식 추이 ·································································130
<표 7-1> 한국의 성별 근로시간과 임금 추이 ········································································133
<표 7-2> 2016년 성별 임금격차 OECD 국제 비교 ·····························································136
<표 7-3> 20대 경제활동참가율, 실업률, 고용률 ···································································138
<표 7-4> 한국에서 첫 일자리 그만둔 사유 ···········································································138
<표 7-5> 한국 여성의 취업 장애 요인에 대한 20대의 의견 ·················································139
<표 7-6> 한국 여성의 유리천장 ····························································································139
<표 7-7> 여성 가구주 가구의 빈곤율 국제 비교 ···································································143
<표 8-1> 주택 소유물 건수별 성별 아파트 소유자 수 현황 ··················································149
<표 8-2> 한국 증권업계의 유리천장 ·····················································································151
<표 10-1> 2013년과 2016년 성매매 실태 현황 비교 ···························································174
<표 10-2> 2016년 성매매 형태 비율 ·····················································································174
<표 10-3> 성매매에 대한 쟁점 비교 ·······················································································178
<표 13-1> 여성긴급전화 1366 상담 건수 현황 ······································································209
<표 13-2> 한국의 데이트 폭력 실태 ·····················································································212
<표 13-3> 한국의 가정폭력 발생 건수와 검거 현황 ·······························································214
<표 14-1> 국회 및 지방의회 여성의원 비율 ···········································································226
<표 14-2> 여성 공무원 비율 ··································································································227
<표 14-3> 일반직 국가공무원 4급 이상 여성 관리자 비율 ····················································227
<표 14-4> 2017년 대통령 선거 성별, 연령별 투표율 ····························································228
<표 15-1> 한국 여성 법조인 비율 ··························································································239
<표 16-1> 각 종교의 젠더 인식 ·····························································································245
<표 16-2> 세계 주요 종교 국가 ·····························································································247
<표 16-3> 세계 주요 종교 국가 여성의 경제 관련 권한 지표 ···············································249
<표 16-4> 2015년 한국의 성별 종교인 현황 ·········································································261
<표 16-5> 한국의 성별 종교 단체 참가율 ··············································································263
<표 16-6> 한국 여성의 경제 관련 권한 지표 ·········································································263