화학안전노트

1 안전의 기본 1
1-1 안전이란 무엇인가? 2
1. 왜 안전 확보가 필요한가? 무엇을 어떻게 지킬까? ···························································································2
2. 화학 안전이란? (종합 안전관리) ···························································································································3
3. 결정론적 안전과 확률론적 안전 ···························································································································3
1-2 공학적 리스크 6
1. 해저드와 리스크 ·······················································································································································6
2. 리스크와 베네피트, 코스트 ···································································································································8
3. 리스크를 관리한다. ··················································································································································9
1-3 리스크 관리의 문제점 11
1. 예상외 ········································································································································································11
2. 리스크의 사회 수용 ···············································································································································13
3. 인적 요인 ···································································································································································15
4. 안전 풍토의 구축 ····················································································································································16
2 사고 예와 교훈 21
2-1 사고 사례와 교훈 22
2-2 사고 예 24
1. 초산의 증류 중의 사고 ···········································································································································24
2. DMSO의 증류 중의 폭발 사고 ····························································································································25
3. 실리콘유의 발화 ·····················································································································································25
4. 나트륨의 폐기 중의 폭발, 화재 ···························································································································26
5. 황인의 처분 중의 발열 발화 ·······························································································································28
6. 유기 리튬의 화재 ···················································································································································28
7. 시약의 오용에 의한 사고 ······································································································································29
8. 문화제의 전시 실험(은거울 반응) 중에 폭발 ··································································································30
9. 과산화물의 생성에 의한 폭발 ····························································································································31
10. 황화수소의 생성에 의한 중독 ·························································································································31
11. 액체 질소에 의한 산소 결핍(저산소)증 ··········································································································32
12. 불화수소산에 의한 약물중독 ··························································································································33
13. 히드록실아민의 폭발 ·········································································································································33
14. 냉장고에서 저장 중의 유기 과산화물의 온도 상승 ····················································································34
15. 냉장고 내에서의 파열 ········································································································································35
16. 진공 펌프의 파열 ··················································································································································35
17. 플랑크톤으로부터의 독소의 발생 ····················································································································36
18. X선에 의한 부상 ···················································································································································36
19. 오토클레이브의 연소 ·········································································································································37
20. 폐산용 탱크 내의 혼합 사고 ·····························································································································37
21. 나트륨-칼륨 합금의 발화 ··································································································································38
22. 약품의 혼합사고 ···················································································································································38
23. 고압가스 봄베의 부식에 의한 파열 ·················································································································39
24. 염화수소 봄베로부터의 누설 ···························································································································39
1-3 정리 41
1. 사고를 내지 않기 위해 ··········································································································································41
2. 지진 대책 ·································································································································································43
3 실험실 안전의 기본 45
3-1 실험실의 안전 설계 46
1. 실험실 안전 설계의 생각 ····································································································································· 46
2. 안전한 실험 환경의 확보 ·····································································································································47
3. 지진 대책 ··································································································································································51
4. 안전 설비 ··································································································································································52
3-2 화학물질의 관리 56
1. 화학물질의 관리와 보관 ······································································································································56
2. 화학물질에 관한 주된 법령 ································································································································57
3. 화학물질 관리 시스템 ··········································································································································58
4. 지진 대책···································································································································································61
3-3 실험장치의 안전 64
1. 실험 기구, 장치의 재질 ··········································································································································65
2. 각종 재료의 내열성 ················································································································································65
3. 각종 재료의 내약품성 ·········································································································································· 66
4. 유리 기구 취급의 안전 ·········································································································································· 66
5. 각종 실험장치의 안전 ············································································································································67
6. 고압가스 봄베의 안전한 취급 ····························································································································· 68
7. 안전장치 ····································································································································································70
8. 보호구 ········································································································································································70
9. 실험 조작의 안전·····················································································································································71
10. 실험장치의 안전의 생각 ·····································································································································74
4 화학물질의 잠재 에너지
위험성과 안전한 취급 75
4-1 화학물질과 잠재 위험 76
1. 화학물질의 역할 ·····················································································································································76
2. 화학물질의 잠재 위험성 ·······································································································································76
3. 연구개발에 있어서의 잠재 위험성 ·····················································································································77
4. 화학물질의 에너지 위험성 ···································································································································78
4-2 잠재 에너지 위험성을 가지는 화학물질의 안전화 85
화학 프로세스의 위험성에 관한 주의 ·················································································································· 86
4-3 위험물의 분류 87
1. 유엔 위험물 ······························································································································································87
2. 소방법 위험물 ··························································································································································87
4-4 잠재 에너지 위험성 평가 89
1. 문헌 정보로부터의 잠재 에너지 위험성 추정 ·································································································91
2. 계산에 의한 위험성 예측 ····································································································································· 94
3. 스크리닝 평가 ························································································································································· 94
4. 표준 시험···································································································································································97
5. 열화학 계산에 의한 에너지 위험성 예측 예 ····································································································97
5 화학물질의 혼합 위험과 구체적 사례 99
5-1 혼합 위험이란 ~발화·폭발~ 100
5-2 혼합 위험의 조합 예 101
1. 「소방법」에 기재되어 있는 혼합 위험의 예 ··································································································· 101
2. 혼합 위험성을 나타내는 물질의 조합 예 ······································································································ 103
5-3 혼합 위험 정보를 알기 위해서 104
1. 브레더릭의 위험물 핸드북 ·································································································································104
2. SDS에 의한 조사 ················································································································································· 105
5-4 혼합 위험의 예 107
1. 과산화수소+금속 이온······································································································································· 107
2. 금속나트륨+물 ····················································································································································· 108
3. 은화합물+암모니아수 ········································································································································ 109
4. 알킬알루미늄+수산화물 ····································································································································110
5. 암모늄 함유 용액+차아염소산나트륨 ············································································································111
5-5 혼합 위험의 평가방법 112
대규모 혼촉 발화시험 ··············································································································································112
5-6 혼합에 의한 유해 물질의 생성 114
1. 화학물질의 혼합에 의해 발생하는 유해 물질 ······························································································114
2. 자극성 가스의 발생과 인체 유해성 ·················································································································114
3. 시안화수소 가스 ?? 황화수소 가스의 발생과 인체 유해성 ··········································································116
4. 산화금속 흄 ····························································································································································117
5. 기타의 혼합 발생 유해 가스의 예 ·····················································································································117
6 화학물질의 독성과 예방 및 구급 119
6-1 화학물질의 인체 영향 120
1. 화학물질의 인체환경에의 유해성을 고려할 필요성 ·················································································· 120
2. 화학물질의 생체 영향에 있어서의 양-반응 관계 ·························································································121
3. 화학물질의 허용 농도(TLV)와 관리 온도 ······································································································ 122
4. 화학물질의 생체에의 침입································································································································ 123
5. 생체에의 침입 경로 ············································································································································· 124
6-2 화학물질의 독성 128
1. 화학물질의 독성의 종류 ···································································································································· 128
2. 부식성 화학물질 ·················································································································································· 128
3. 자극성 화학물질 ···················································································································································131
4. 질소성 화학물질 ····························································································································································································································································133
5. 산소 대사 장해성 화학물질 ······························································································································ 133
6. 알레르기 감작성 화학물질 ································································································································ 135
7. 자기면역 항체 생산 촉진 화학물질 ················································································································· 136
8. 신경 장해성 화학물질 ········································································································································ 137
9. 간장해성 화학물질 ····················································································································································································································································142
10. 신장 장해성 화학물질 ······································································································································ 143
11. 피부 장해성 화학물질(국소 장해를 제외) ···································································································144
12. 심장 혈관계 장해성 화학물질 ························································································································144
13. 뼈장해성 화학물질 및 치아 장해성 화학물질 ·························································································· 145
14. 조혈기 장해성 화학물질 ································································································································· 146
15. 내분비 장기 장해성 화학물질 ························································································································ 147
16. 생식기 장해성 화학물질 ································································································································· 148
17. 최기형성?태아 독성 화학물질 ························································································································ 150
18. 발암성 화학물질 ·················································································································································151
19. 내분비 교란성 물질 ··········································································································································· 154
20. 특수한 유해 화학물질 ····································································································································· 156
21. 화학물질에 의한 건강 장해 방지를 위한 관리 ·························································································· 159
22. 국소 배기 장치 ··················································································································································· 160
23. 보호구 ···································································································································································161
24. 특수 건강진단 ···················································································································································· 162
25. 화학물질의 유해성·환경 영향에 대한 주된 법규 ····················································································· 163
7 폐기물의 안전 관리 165
7-1 처음에 166
1. 환경 안전의 중요성 ·············································································································································· 166
2. 환경 안전에 대한 조직의 책무 ························································································································ 167
7-2 폐기물 관리 168
1. 폐기물 관리의 우선순위 ··································································································································· 168
2. 폐기물 관리에 관한 기본 원칙 ························································································································ 169
3. 폐기물 관리의 중요성 ········································································································································ 172
7-3 폐기물의 배출 174
1. 폐수 ·········································································································································································174
2. 생활계 폐기물 ·······················································································································································175
3. 실험계 폐기물 ·······················································································································································176
7-4 환경 안전 교육 188
1. 대학에 있어서의 환경 안전 교육 ···················································································································· 188
2. 화학물질 취급자를 대상으로 한 교육 ·········································································································· 189
7-5 정리 191
1. 자연과학 분야에 있어서 안전에 관한 현상 ·································································································· 191
2. 폐기물의 안전 관리란? ······································································································································ 191
3. 폐기물의 안전 관리에 관한 향후의 과제 ······································································································ 192
4. 화학물질의 구입부터 폐기까지의 관리 시스템 ·························································································· 193
8 실험 연구에 있어서의
안전 관리와 위기관리 195
8-1 실험 연구에 있어서의 안전 관리 196
1. 안전 관리의 필요성 ·············································································································································· 198
2. 안전 관리의 체계 ·················································································································································202
3. 대학의 안전 관리 체제 ·······································································································································206
4. 안전 관리 활동 ·······················································································································································211
8-2 긴급시의 대응과 위기관리 211
1. 긴급시 대응의 개념 ··············································································································································211
2. 사고 발생시의 조치 ··············································································································································212
3. 화재 발생시의 조치 ··············································································································································213
4. 폭발 발생시의 조치 ··············································································································································215
5. 누설 발생시의 조치 ············································································································································· 216
6. 지진 발생시의 위험 ············································································································································· 218
7. 지진 대응의 개념 ···················································································································································219
8. 지진 발생시의 대응 ·············································································································································220
9. 위기관리의 개념 ···················································································································································222
10. 위기 관리 대응의 요약 ·····································································································································222
11. 리스크 대응과 보험 ···········································································································································223
12. 긴급 대응 훈련 ···················································································································································224
9 화학물질 관리에 관련된 법령 227
9-1 법령의 개요 228
9-2 주된 법령의 내용 230
1. 노동 안전 위생법 ··················································································································································230
2. 소방법 ·····································································································································································239
3. 고압가스 보안법 ·················································································································································· 245
4. 독물 및 극물 취급법 ···········································································································································248
5. 환경보전 관련 법령·폐기물 관련 법령 ···········································································································253
6. 방사선 관련 법규 ················································································································································255
7. 기타 ··········································································································································································256