Flight Dynamics: Second Edition

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· 제목 : Flight Dynamics: Second Edition (Hardcover)
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 역학 > 공기역학
· ISBN : 9780691220253
· 쪽수 : 912쪽
· 출판일 : 2022-11-01

Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter 1 Introduction
- 1.1 ELEMENTS OF THE AIRPLANE
  - Airframe Components
  - Propulsion Systems
- 1.2 REPRESENTATIVE AIRCRAFT
  - Light General Aviation Aircraft
  - Uninhabited Air Vehicle
  - Variable-Stability Research Aircraft
  - Sailplane
  - Business Jet Aircraft
  - Turboprop Commuter Aircraft
  - Small Jet Transport Aircraft
  - Medium Jet Transport Aircraft
  - Large Jet Transport Aircraft
  - Fighter/Attack Aircraft
  - Jet Trainer Aircraft
  - Hybrid Wing Body Aircraft
  - Supersonic and Hypersonic Transport Aircraft
  - Lifting Reentry Spacecraft
- 1.3 THE MECHANICS OF FLIGHT
  - Text Box: Scalars, Vectors, and Matrices
  - Text Box: Derivatives and Integrals of Time-Dependent Variables
- 1.4 COURSES IN FLIGHT DYNAMICS
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1
Chapter 2 Exploring the Flight Envelope
Text Box: Newton’s Laws of Motion
- 2.1 THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
  - Pressure, Density, and the Speed of Sound
  - Viscosity, Humidity, and Rain
  - Wind Fields and Atmospheric Turbulence
- 2.2 KINEMATIC EQUATIONS
  - Translational Position and Velocity
  - Angular Orientation and Rate
  - Text Box: Matrix Inverse
  - Airflow Angles
  - Summary of Axis Systems and Transformations
- 2.3 FORCES AND MOMENTS
  - Alternative Axis Systems
  - Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
- 2.4 STATIC AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS
  - Lift
  - Drag
  - Pitching Moment
  - Side Force
  - Yawing Moment
  - Rolling Moment
  - Ground Effect
- 2.5 AIRCRAFT PROPULSION
  - Power and Thrust
  - Propulsion Systems
  - Propellers and Ducted Fans
  - Reciprocating Engines
  - Turboprop, Turbofan, and Turbojet Engines
  - Ramjet and Scramjet Engines
  - Electric Powerplants
  - General Thrust Models
- 2.6 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
  - Straight-and-Level Flight
  - Steady Flight Envelope
  - Cruising Range
  - Gliding Flight
  - Climbing Flight
  - Maneuvering Envelope
  - Steady Turning Flight
  - Text Box: Performance of the North American P-51D Mustang
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2
Chapter 3 The Dynamics of Aircraft Motion
- 3.1 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
  - Translational Momentum, Work, Energy, and Power
  - Energy Height and Specific Excess Power
  - Energy-Changing Maneuvers
  - Angular Momentum and Energy
- 3.2 DYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR A FLAT EARTH
  - Rigid-Body Dynamic Equations
  - Scalar Equations for a Symmetric Aircraft
  - Avoiding the Euler Angle Propagation Singularity
    - Direction Cosine Matrix
    - Quaternion
  - Alternative Reference Frames
    - Air-Mass-Relative Reference Frame
    - Alternative Body Frame
    - Principal Axis Frame
  - Text Box: Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
    - Stability Axes
  - Acceleration Sensed at an Arbitrary Point
- 3.3 DYNAMIC EQUATIONS FOR A ROUND, ROTATING EARTH
  - Geometry and Gravity Field of the Earth
  - Rigid-Body Dynamic Equations for a Spherical Earth
- 3.4 AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ROTATIONAL AND UNSTEADY MOTION
  - Pitch-Rate Effects
  - Angle-of-Attack-Rate Effects
  - Yaw-Rate Effects
  - Roll-Rate Effects
  - Effects of Wind Shear and Wake Vortices
- 3.5 AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF CONTROL
  - Trailing-Edge Flaps
  - Wing-Mounted Control Surfaces
  - Elevators, Stabilators, Elevons, and Canards
  - Rudder
  - Ailerons
  - Other Control Devices
  - Isolated Control Surfaces at High Deflection Angle and Angle of Attack
- 3.6 SOLUTION OF NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
  - Numerical Algorithms for Integration
  - Equations of Motion
  - Continuous Representation of Tabulated Data
    - Scalar Polynomials
    - Multivariate Polynomials
    - Computational Neural Networks
  - Trimmed Solution of the Equations of Motion
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
Chapter 4 Methods of Analysis and Design
- 4.1 LOCAL LINEARIZATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
  - Stability-and-Control Derivatives
  - Incorporating Unsteady Aerodynamic Effects
  - Symmetric Aircraft in Wings-Level Flight
  - Longitudinal Equations of Motion
  - Lateral-Directional Equations of Motion
  - Stability-Axis Equations of Motion
- 4.2 SOLUTION OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
  - Numerical Integration and State Transition
  - Text Box: Superposition of Linear, Time-Invariant Dynamic Responses
  - Static and Quasistatic Equilibrium Response to Inputs
  - Initial Response to Control Inputs
  - Controllability and Observability of Motions
  - Truncation and Residualization
- 4.3 STABILITY AND MODES OF MOTION
  - Stability of Transient Response
  - Fourier and Laplace Transforms
  - Modes of Aircraft Motion
  - Phase Plane
- 4.4 FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
  - Transfer Functions and Frequency Response
  - Bode Plot
  - Text Box: Bode Plot of an Isolated Zero
  - Nyquist Plot and Nichols Chart
  - Root Locus
- 4.5 DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY
  - Random Variables and Processes
  - Text Box: Stationary and Nonstationary Probability Density Functions
  - Dynamic Response to Random Inputs and Initial Conditions
  - Effects of System Parameter Variations
  - System Survey
  - Monte Carlo Evaluation
  - Stochastic Root Locus
- 4.6 LINEAR AEROELASTICITY
  - Stress, Strain, and Material Properties
  - Monocoque and Semi-Monocoque Structures
  - Force and Moments on a Simple Beam
  - Static Deflection of a Simple Beam under Load
  - Vibrations of a Simple Beam
    - Bending Vibrations of a Uniform Beam
    - Torsional Vibrations of a Uniform Beam
  - Coupled Vibrations of an Elastically Restrained Rigid Airfoil
  - Vibrations of a Complex Structure
  - The Four-Block Model
  - Fuel Slosh
- 4.7 PILOTING ACTIONS AND AIRCRAFT FLYING QUALITIES
  - Modeling the Pilot
  - Flying Qualities Criteria
  - Levels of Autonomy
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
Chapter 5 Longitudinal Motions
- 5.1 LONGITUDINAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION
- 5.2 REDUCED-ORDER MODELS OF LONG-PERIOD MODES
  - Second-Order Phugoid-Mode Approximation
    - Equilibrium Response to Control and Disturbance
    - Controllability and Observability
    - Eigenvalues, Natural Frequency, and Damping Ratio
    - Eigenvectors
    - Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
    - Frequency Response
    - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
    - Time Response
  - Effects of Compressibility
  - Effects of Altitude Variation
    - Air Density, Sound Speed, and Gravity Variations
    - Ground Effect
  - Effects of Wind Shear
- 5.3 REDUCED-ORDER MODEL OF THE SHORT-PERIOD MODE
  - Second-Order Approximation
    - Equilibrium Response to Control and Disturbance
    - Controllability and Observability
    - Eigenvalues, Natural Frequency, and Damping Ratio
    - Eigenvectors
    - Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
    - Frequency Response
    - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
    - Time Response
  - Effects of Compressibility and High Angle of Attack
- 5.4 COUPLED PHUGOID/SHORT-PERIOD DYNAMICS
  - Residualized Phugoid Mode
  - Fourth-Order Model
    - Equilibrium Response to Control
    - Eigenvalues and Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
    - Transfer Functions and Frequency Response
    - Response to Disturbances
    - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
    - Time Response
  - Longitudinal Flying Qualities
- 5.5 CONTROL MECHANISMS, STICK-FREE STABILITY, AND TRIM
  - Elevator Control Mechanism
  - Short-Period/Control-Mechanism Coupling
  - Control Force for Trimmed Flight
  - Elevator Angle and Stick Force per g
  - “Tail-Wags-Dog” Effect
- 5.6 LONGITUDINAL AEROELASTIC EFFECTS
  - Truncated and Residualized Aeroelastic Models
  - Coupling of the Short Period with a Single Elastic Mode
    - Equilibrium Response to Control
    - Eigenvalues and Root Locus Evaluation of Parameter Variations
    - Control and Disturbance Transfer Functions
    - Frequency Response and the Effects of Feedback Control
    - Effects of Elasticity on Time Response
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 5
Chapter 6 Lateral-Directional Motions
- 6.1 LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL EQUATIONS OF MOTION
- 6.2 REDUCED-ORDER MODEL OF THE DUTCH ROLL MODE
  - Equilbrium Response to Control and Disturbance
  - Controllability and Observability
  - Eigenvalues, Natrual Frequency, and Damping Ratio
  - Eigenvectors
  - Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
  - Frequency Response
  - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
  - Time Response
- 6.3 REDUCED-ORDER MODEL OF ROLL AND SPIRAL MODES
  - Equilbrium Response to Control and Disturbance
  - Controllability and Observability
  - Eigenvalues, Natural Frequency, and Damping Ratio
  - Eigenvectors
  - Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
  - Frequency Response
  - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
  - Time Response
- 6.4 COUPLED LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL DYNAMICS
  - A Truncated Dutch Roll/Roll Model
  - Residualized Lateral-Directional Models
    - Residualized Dutch Roll Mode
    - Residualized Dutch Roll and Spiral Modes
    - Residualized Roll-Spiral Modes
  - Fourth-Order Model
    - Equilibrium Response to Control
    - Eigenvalues and Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
    - Eigenvectors
    - Transfer Functions and Frequency Response
    - Response to Disturbances
    - Root Locus Analysis of Feedback Control
    - Time Response
  - Lateral-Directional Flying Qualities
    - Flying Qualities Criteria
- 6.5 CONTROL MECHANISMS, NONLINEARITY, AND TIME DELAY
  - Rudder Control Mechanism
  - Dutch Roll/Rudder Coupling
  - Quasilinear Representation of Nonlinearity
  - Quasilinear Root Locus Analysis
  - Roll-Spiral/Aileron Coupling
  - Spoiler Nonlinearity and Time Delay
- 6.6 LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL AEROELASTIC EFFECTS
  - Equilibrium Response to Control
  - Eigenvalues and Root Locus Analysis of Parameter Variations
  - Response to Initial Conditions and Step Control Inputs
    - Directional Fuselage Bending Forced by Sideslip Perturbations
    - Asymmetric Wing Twisting Forced by Sideslip Perturbations
    - Asymmetric Wing Twisting Forced by Roll-Rate Perturbations
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6
Chapter 7 Coupled Longitudinal and Lateral-Directional Motions
- 7.1 SMALL-AMPLITUDE MOTIONS
  - Effects of Rotating Machinery
  - Asymmetric Inertial and Aerodynamic Properties
  - Asymmetric Flight Condition and Constant Angular Rate
    - Nonzero Sideslip Angle
    - Nonzero Roll Angle
    - Nonzero Angular Rate
  - Coupling Controls
- 7.2 INERTIAL COUPLING OF PITCH AND YAW MOTIONS
  - Fifth-Order Model of Coupled Dynamics
  - Truncated and Residualized Fourth-Order Models
  - Response to Controls during Steady Rolling
- 7.3 MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM POINTS
  - Second-Order Examples of Multiple Equilibria
    - Cubic-Spring Effect
    - Cubic-Damper Effect
  - Effects of Cross-Coupling and Control on Rolling Equilibrium
    - Description of the Phenomenon
    - Characterization of Solutions
    - Bifurcation Analysis
- 7.4 FLIGHT AT HIGH ANGLE OF ATTACK
  - High-Angle-of-Attack Aerodynamics and Control Effects
  - Fully Developed Spins
  - Simulated Motions of a Business Jet Aircraft
  - Stability of High-Angle-of-Attack Maneuvers
  - Pilot-Aircraft Interactions at High Angle of Attack
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 7
Chapter 8 Flight Control Design
- The Evolution of Flight Control
- Flight Control Modes and Redundancy
- Overview
- 8.1 OPEN- AND CLOSED-LOOP COMMAND RESPONSE
  - Equilibrium Open-Loop Response
  - Equilibrium Closed-Loop Response
  - Text Box: Digital Flight Control
- 8.2 LINEAR-QUADRATIC OPTIMAL CONTROL
  - Linear-Quadratic Regulator
  - Text Box: Criteria for Guaranteed Stability of the Linear-Quadratic Regulator
    - LQ Regulators for a Longitudinal Dynamic Model
    - LQ Regulators for a Lateral-Directional Dynamic Model
    - Pre-Filtered Command Inputs to the LQ Regulator
    - Transient Commands to the LQ Regulator
  - Output Weighting and Implicit Model Following
  - Explicit Model Following
  - Integral Compensation
    - Proportional-Integral LQ Regulator
    - Proportional-Filter LQ Regulator
    - Washout Filter
  - Text Box: Sampled-Data LQ Regulator
- 8.3 OPTIMAL STATE ESTIMATION
  - Kalman-Bucy Filter
  - Text Box: Discrete-Time Kalman Filter
  - Extended Kalman Filter
  - Parameter Estimation
  - Measurement Bias and Covariance Estimation
  - Disturbance Bias and Covariance Estimation
- 8.4 LINEAR-QUADRATIC-GAUSSIAN OPTIMAL CONTROL
  - LQG Regulator
  - Dealing with Aeroelasticity
  - Text Box: Sampled-Data LQG Control
- 8.5 CONTROL SYSTEM ROBUSTNESS
  - Modal Properties of the LQ Regulator
  - Stability Margins and Robustness of LQ Regulators
  - Stochastic Robustness Analysis and Design
  - Stability Margins and Robustness of LQG Regulators
- 8.6 GAIN-SCHEDULED AND NEURAL NETWORK CONTROL
  - Gain Scheduling
  - Neural Network Control
- 8.7 NONLINEAR-INVERSE-DYNAMIC CONTROL
  - Lie Derivatives
  - Inverting a Linear, Time-Invariant System
  - Relative Degree of Differentiation
- 8.8 ADAPTIVE AND FAILURE-TOLERANT CONTROL
  - Machine Learning and Adaptive Critic Control
    - Action Network
    - Critic Network
  - Parameter-Adaptive LQG Control
  - Multiple-Model Parameter Estimation
  - Failure Detection, Identification, and Reconfiguration
    - Failure Detection and Diagnosis
    - Failure Identification
  - Text Box: Entropy and Mutual Information
    - Control Law Reconfiguration
- REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 8
Chapter 9 Epilogue
Appendix A Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
- REFERENCE FOR APPENDIX A
Appendix B Nonlinear Six-Degree-of-Freedom Aircraft Flight Simulation
- B.1 MAIN PROGRAM FOR ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION (FLIGHT.M)
- B.2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE AIRCRAFT (AEROMODEL.M)
  - B.2.1 Low-Angle-of-Attack, Mach-Dependent Model (AeroModelMach.m)
  - B.2.2 High-Angle-of-Attack, Low-Subsonic Model (AeroModelAlpha.m)
  - B.2.3 User-Defined Model (AeroModelUser.m)
  - B.2.4 Preliminary Modeling for Dynamic Analysis (ModelBuild.m)
- B.3 SUPPORTING FUNCTIONS
  - B.3.1 Equations of Motion (EoM.m, EoMQ.m)
  - B.3.2 Cost Function for Aerodynamic Trim (TrimCost.m)
  - B.3.3 Rotation Matrices (DCM.m and RMQ.m)
  - B.3.4 Linear System Matrices (LinModel.m)
  - B.3.5 Wind Field (WindField.m)
  - B.3.6 Atmospheric State (Atmos.m)
- REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX B
Appendix C Linear System Analysis and Control System Design
- C.1 MAIN PROGRAM FOR LINEAR ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION (SURVEY.M)
- C.2 ANALYSES AND FUNCTIONS FOR SYSTEM ANALYSIS
  - C.2.1 Reduced-Order Models (LonLatDir.m)
  - C.2.2 Natural Frequency (NatFreq.m)
  - C.2.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors (StabMode.m)
  - C.2.4 Initial-Condition Response
  - C.2.5 Response to Control Step Input
  - C.2.6 Response to Control Time Profile
  - C.2.7 Equilibrium Response to Constant Control Perturbation
  - C.2.8 Controllability and Observability
  - C.2.9 Transfer Functions
  - C.2.10 Human-Pilot Transfer Function
  - C.2.11 Stability Margins
  - C.2.12 Bode Plots
  - C.2.13 Nyquist Plots
  - C.2.14 Nichols Charts
  - C.2.15 Root Locus Plots
- C.3 MAIN PROGRAM FOR LINEAR-QUADRATIC CONTROL LAW DESIGN (LQDESIGN.M)
- C.4 ANALYSES AND FUNCTIONS FOR CONTROL LAW DESIGN
  - C.4.1 Command and Control Effector Selection (LatDirOL.m and LonOL.m)
  - C.4.2 Linear-Quadratic Control Law (LQControl.m)
  - C.4.3 Time Response Plots (LQPlot.m)
  - C.4.4 Control System Robustness (Robust.m)
Appendix D Paper Airplane Simulation
Appendix E Exercises
Index
About the Author