[eBook Code] Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry (eBook Code, 2nd)

· 제목 : [eBook Code] Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry (eBook Code, 2nd) 
· 분류 : 외국도서 > 과학/수학/생태 > 과학 > 지구과학 > 광물학
· ISBN : 9781119568629
· 쪽수 : 376쪽
· 출판일 : 2019-10-21

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements, Ions, Bonding, Reactions 1

1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry – History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future 1

1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements – Origins and Abundances 3

1.3 Atoms, Isotopes, and Valence Electrons 6

1.4 Measuring Concentrations 8

1.5 Periodic Table 12

1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions 13

1.7 Acid–Base Equilibria, PH, K Values 18

1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry 20

1.9 Chemical Reactions 22

1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy and Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume 23

1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates 31

Questions 35

References 36

2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy 39

2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells 39

2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling’s Rules, and Ionic Substitution 41

2.3 Silicates 46

2.4 Clay Minerals (1 : 1 and 2 : 1 Minerals, Interstratified Clays) 55

2.5 Crystal Chemistry of Adsorption and Cation Exchange 60

2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts 64

2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution 68

2.8 Biomineralization 72

Questions 72

References 73

3 Organic Compounds in the Environment 75

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature 75

3.2 Natural Organic Compounds at the Earth Surface 87

3.3 Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants, Controls on Bioavailability, Behavior of DNAPLS and LNAPLS, Biodegradation, Remediation 88

3.4 Summary 96

Questions 96

References 97

4 Aqueous Systems and Water Chemistry 99

4.1 Introduction to the Geochemistry of Natural Waters 99

4.2 The Structure of Water – Implications of Geometry and Polarity 103

4.3 Dissolved versus Particulate, Solutions, and Suspensions 104

4.4 Speciation: Simple Ions, Polyatomic Ions, and Aqueous Complexes 106

4.5 Controls on the Solubility of Inorganic Elements and Ions 106

4.6 Ion Activities, Ionic Strength, TDS 113

4.7 Solubility Products, Saturation 115

4.8 Coprecipitation 116

4.9 Behavior of Selected Elements in Aqueous Systems 117

4.10 Eh–pH Diagrams 119

4.11 Silicon in Solution 123

4.12 Effect of Adsorption and Ion Exchange on Water Chemistry 123

4.13 Other Graphical Representations of Aqueous Systems: Piper and Stiff Diagrams 128

4.14 Summary 131

Questions 131

References 131

5 Carbonate Geochemistry and the Carbon Cycle 133

5.1 Inorganic Carbon in the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere 133

5.2 The Carbon Cycle 141

Questions 154

References 155

6 Biogeochemical Systems and Cycles (N, P, S) 157

6.1 Systems and Elemental Cycles 157

6.2 Elemental Cycles 159

Questions 178

References 178

7 The Global Atmosphere: Composition, Evolution, and Anthropogenic Change 181

7.1 Atmospheric Structure, Circulation, and Composition 181

7.2 Evaporation, Distillation, CO₂ Dissolution, and the Composition of Natural Precipitation 190

7.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate 191

7.4 Greenhouse Gases: Structures, Sources, Sinks, and Effects on Climate 194

Questions 198

References 199

8 Air Quality: Urban and Regional Pollutants 201

8.1 Air Pollution: Definitions and Scope 201

8.2 Oxygen and its Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry 202

8.3 Free Radicals 202

8.4 Sulfur Dioxide 204

8.5 Nitrogen Oxides 206

8.6 Carbon Monoxide 209

8.7 Particulate Matter 209

8.8 Lead (Pb) 210

8.9 Hydrocarbons and Air Quality: Tropospheric Ozone and Photochemical Smog 211

8.10 Stratospheric Ozone Chemistry 213

8.11 Sulfur and Nitrogen and Acid Deposition 215

8.12 Organochlorine Pesticides, Mercury, and Other Trace Constituents in the Atmosphere 219

Questions 222

References 222

9 Chemical Weathering, Soils, and Hydrology 225

9.1 Chemical Weathering of Primary Minerals in Soils 225

9.2 Products and Consequences of Chemical Weathering 231

9.3 Soil Profiles, Nomenclature, Soil-Forming Factors 239

9.4 Soils and the Geochemistry of Paleoclimate Analysis 243

9.5 Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils and Aquatic Ecosystems 245

9.6 Soils and Plant Nutrients 248

9.7 Saline and Sodic Soils 249

9.8 Toxic Metals and Metalloids 251

9.9 Organic Soil Pollutants and Remediation (Fuels, Insecticides, Solvents) 254

Questions 256

References 256

10 Stable Isotope Geochemistry 259

10.1 Stable Isotopes – Mass Differences and the Concept of Fractionation 259

10.2 Delta (δ) Notation 261

10.3 Fractionation: Vibrational Frequencies, Mass, and Temperature Dependence 263

10.4 δ¹⁸O and δD 267

10.5 δ¹⁵N 273

10.6 δ¹³C 275

10.7 δ³⁴S 278

10.8 Nontraditional Stable Isotopes 280

10.9 Summary 285

Questions 285

References 286

11 Radioactive and Radiogenic Isotopegeochemistry 289

11.1 Radioactive Decay 289

11.2 Radionuclide Tracers in Environmental Geochemistry 294

11.3 Radionuclides as Environmental Contaminants 295

11.4 Geochronology 301

11.5 Radioactive Decay Methods of Dating Sediments and Minerals 309

Questions 315

References 315

Appendix I Case Study on the Relationships among Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS), Microbial Activity, Redox Reactions, Remediation, and Arsenic Mobility in Groundwater 319

I.1 Site Information, Contaminant Delineation 319

I.2 Remediation Efforts 320

I.3 Sources of PCE and ARSENIC 320

I.4 Mobilization of Arsenic 322

References 323

Appendix II Case Study of PFOA Migration in a Fractured Rock Aquifer: Using Geochemistry to Decipher Causes of Heterogeneity 325

II.1 Geologic Framework 326

II.2 Inorganic Chemistry of Groundwater 326

II.3 Stable Isotope Compositions of Groundwater 327

II.4 Groundwater Age-Dating 328

II.5 Conceptual Model for the Groundwater System 328

References 329

Appendix III Instrumental Analysis 331

III.1 Analysis of Minerals and Crystal Chemistry 331

III.2 Chemical Analysis of Rocks and Sediments: XRF 337

III.3 Elements or Compounds in Solution 338

III.4 Isotopic Analysis: Mass Spectrometry 339

References 340

Appendix IV Table of Thermodynamic Data of Selected Species at 1 ATM and 25 ^∘C 341

References 344

Index 345