A New Ecology : Systems Perspective (Hardcover)

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Ecosystems have openness (thermodynamic). 3. Ecosystems have ontic openness. 4. Ecosystems have directionality. 5. Ecosystems have connectivity. 6. Ecosystems have complex dynamics (growth). 7. Ecosystems have complex dynamics (disturbances). 8. Ecosystems have broad explanatory power in ecology. 9. Ecosystem principles have applications. 10. Conclusions and final remarks. References. Index.