The Exploration of Korean Buddhist Thoughts

Introduction

The Development of Korean Buddhist History and the Spread of
the Buddhist Thought, Faith, and Culture in Korea ‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒‒ 1
• Kim Jong-wook and Kim Yong-tae

Part I
Overview of Korean Buddhist Thoughts

Chapter 1
Korean Buddhism in the History of East Asian Buddhism:
An Approach to Its Relationship to Chinese Buddhism / 23
• Choi Byung-hun 崔柄憲
1. Korean Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism / 25

2. Integration of Mādhyamika and Yogācāra Doctrines in
Korean Buddhism / 29
1) Introduction of Buddhist Doctrines / 29
2) Woncheuk’s Yogācāra Doctrine / 33
Table of Contents
vi Exploration of Korean Buddhist Thoughts
3) Wonhyo’s Reconciliation of Disputes / 36
4) Fazang’s Huayan Doctrine and Uisang’s Hwaeom School / 38

3. Integration of the Gyo and Seon Schools in Korean Buddhism / 42
1) Introduction of the Seon School / 42
2) Buddhist Reform during King Gwangjong’s Reign and
the Beoban School / 45
3) Uicheon’s Cheontae School and His Emphasis on Dual Cultivation of
Doctrines and Contemplation / 50
4) Jinul’s Jogye Order and Jeonghye gyeolsa / 55

Chapter 2
A Historical Interpretation of Korean Buddhism / 69
• Koh Ik-jin 高翊晉
1. Preface / 71

2. Korean Buddhism as Seen from the Spiritual View of History / 73
1) Classification of Korea’s Historic Periods / 73
2) State-Sponsorship of Buddhism in Its Initial Introduction to
the Three Kingdoms / 74
3) Study of Mahayana Scholasticism and Hwaeom Thought / 77
4) Introduction of Seon in the Late Silla Period / 81
5) Succession of Silla Buddhism in the Early Goryeo Period / 84
6) Prosperity of Buddhist Scholasticism and the Direction of
Its Development / 86
7) Advent of Community Movements / 90
8) Introduction of Imje Seon in the Late Goryeo Period / 95
9) Anti-Buddhism and Pro-Buddhism in the Early Joseon Period / 100
10) Appearance and Succession of Master Taego’s Dharma Lineage / 104

3. Conclusion / 107


Part II
Variety of Korean Buddhist Thoughts

Chapter 3
Seon Thought / 117
• Chae In-hwan 蔡印幻
1. Master Musang’s Seon Thought / 119

2. Korean Acceptance of Seon Thought / 121
1) Introduction of Seon to the Late Silla / 121
2) Main Ideas of the Early Seon / 126

3. National Master Bojo Jinul’s Seon Thought / 135
1) The Approach of the Equal Maintenance of Alertness and Calmness / 137
2) The Approach of Complete and Sudden Faith and Understanding / 140
3) Shortcut Approach / 142

4. The Acceptance of Imje Seon in Late Goryeo / 146

5. Seon and Gyo in the Early Joseon / 148

6. Master Cheongheo Hyujeong’s Ideas / 150

7. The Argument between Master Baekpa and Master Choui / 153

8. Korean Seon in Modern Times / 157
1) Master Gyeongheo’s Re-Establishment of Seon / 157
2) The Modern Argument between Sudden and Gradual Cultivation / 158

Chapter 4
Hwaeom Thought / 173
• Yi Ji-gwan 李智冠
1. The Introduction of Hwaeom Thought in Korea / 175
1) Initial Korean Transmissions of Hwaeom Thought / 175
2) Master Wonhyo and Hwaeom / 177

2. Master Uisang’s Hwaeom Thought / 180
1) Establishment / 180
2) Hwaeom ilseung beopgye-do / 182
3) Characteristics / 191

3. Gyunyeo’s Transmission of Uisang’s Hwaeom / 193

4. Master Uicheon’s Criticism of Master Gyunyeo / 200

5. The Hwaeom School Movement in the Late Goryeo / 204


6. Hwaeom Studies in Joseon / 208
1) The Seon and Hwaeom of Scholar Seoljam / 209
2) Hwaeom Study in the Late Joseon / 216

Chapter 5
Cheontae Thought / 229
• Lee Young-ja 李永子
1. Preface / 231

2. Acceptance of the Lotus Sutra in Korea / 232
1) Belief in the Lotus Sutra during the Three Kingdoms / 233
2) Master Wonhyo’s Philosophy of the Lotus Sutra / 241

3. The Development of Cheontae Thought / 245
1) Cheontae Studies in Early Goryeo / 245
2) Master Jegwan’s Cheontae sagyo-ui / 248
3) National Master Daegak Uicheon and the Founding of
the Cheontae School / 253
4) Master Wonmyo Yose’s Bohyeon doryang Assembly and
the Baengnyeon gyeolsa Community / 258
5) Master Jeongmyeong Cheonin and the Realization of
Lotus Repentance / 267
6) Master Jinjeong Cheonchaek’s Thought / 272
7) Master Buam Unmuk’s Cheontae Thought / 276

4. Conclusion / 281

Chapter 6
Jeongto Thought / 299
• Gwon Gi-jong 權奇悰
1. Introduction / 301

2. Jeongto Thought in Goguryeo and Baekje / 302
1) Jeongto Thought in Goguryeo / 303
2) Jeongto Thought in Baekje / 305

3. Jeongto Thought in Silla / 308
1) Early Tendencies / 309
2) During the Unified Silla / 310

4. Jeongto Thought in Goryeo / 321
1) Views of Seon Masters on Jeongto / 322
2) Jeongto Thought of the Cheontae School / 327
3) Jeongto Belief of Esoteric Buddhism / 331
5. Jeongto Thought in Joseon / 333
1) Jeongto Thought of Masters through Their Writings / 334
2) Kinds of Chanting Practice / 338

Chapter 7
Esoteric Buddhism / 351
• Seo Yun-gil 徐閏吉
1. Preface / 353

2. Esoteric Buddhist Thought in the Three Kingdoms / 353
1) Introduction / 353
2) Establishment and Role of the Esoteric Buddhism / 358
3) The Development of Belief / 361

3. Esoteric Buddhist Thought in Goryeo / 369
1) Ideology of the State Protection / 369
2) Belief in Esoteric Buddhism by the Royal Family and
its Protective Policy / 373
3) Establishment and Development of Esoteric Buddhist Schools / 376
4) Prevalence of Various Esoteric Buddhist Ceremonies / 380

4. Esoteric Buddhist Thought in Joseon / 385
1) Arrangement and Operation of Various Esoteric
Buddhist Ceremonies / 385
2) Publication of Various Esoteric Buddhist Texts / 388
3) Traditional Esoteric Buddhist Thought and the Seven Element
Dharma Body / 391

Index / 407