인도 불탑

추천사·················································································· 5
책을 펴내며··········································································· 9
머리말················································································· 17

1장 고대인도印度와 불탑
1. 고대인도와 불교····························································· 30
1) 베다 시대··································································· 33
2) 불교 경전 시대····························································· 37
2. 석존의 열반과 불탑··························································· 39
1) 석존의 장례································································· 41
2) 사리 8분과 10탑 건립 전설·············································· 45
3) 근본 8탑의 소재 및 전설 검증·········································· 50
4) 불탑 이전의 불탑·························································· 60

2장 건축물로서의 불탑
1. 스투파 용어···································································· 68
2. 스투파 기원···································································· 72
3. 스투파 구성요소····························································· 76
1) 기단Medhi, 난간Vedika····················································· 80
2) 탑돌이 통로(Pradakshina patha, 繞道)······························· 81
3) 탑문Torana··································································· 82
4) 복발(Anda, 覆鉢)························································· 83
5) 하르미카(Harmika, 平頭), 탑두부塔頭部······························ 86
6) 상부구조 명칭······························································ 93
4. 스투파 유형···································································· 96
1) 유적Relic 스투파··························································· 97
2) 기념Commemorative 스투파··············································· 97
3) 상징Symbolic 스투파······················································· 98
4) 개체Object 스투파·························································· 98
5) 봉헌Votive 스투파·························································· 99
5. 불탑 축조방식······························································· 100
6. 불탑의 공양(Puja, 供養)과 기능·········································· 106
7. 불교미술과 불탑···························································· 112
1) 불교 조각상의 조성과 의의············································ 114
2) 열반 미술의 탄생························································ 116
3) 호탑신···································································· 118
4) 여성상과 미투나상······················································ 120
8. 불탑 조성과 의미···························································· 124
1) 불탑 조성의 상징적 의미··············································· 124
2) 불탑 조성의 실용적 의미··············································· 128

3장 인도불교 석굴사원
1. 석굴사원의 기원과 전개··················································· 134
2. 석굴사원의 조영···························································· 139
1) 불교석굴·································································· 144
2) 힌두교석굴······························································· 155
3) 자이나교석굴····························································· 165
3. 불교 석굴의 명문銘文······················································· 168
4. 법신사리 신앙의 태동······················································ 174
5. 불교 차이티야굴의 유형··················································· 184
1) 원형 차이티야굴 형식·················································· 189
2) 말발굽형 차이티야굴 형식············································· 198
3) 방형 차이티야굴 형식·················································· 242
4) 승방 부설 차이티야굴 형식··········································· 255
5) 탑당 부설 차이티야굴 형식············································ 259
6) 환조 건물 형식(탑사, 塔寺)··········································· 271
6. 불교 차이티야굴의 변천··················································· 281
1) ‘말발굽형’ 석굴의 변천················································· 283
2) ‘방형’ 석굴의 변천······················································· 289
3) 차이티야굴의 변천 의의··············································· 298
7. 불교 석굴사원의 편년······················································ 302

4장 차이티야굴의 불탑
1. 차이티야굴 불탑의 형식··················································· 322
1) 기본형······································································ 322
2) 층단받침형································································ 324
3) 일산日傘형································································· 326
4) 기단추가형································································ 329
5) 불상ㆍ불감佛龕추가형···················································· 331
6) 환조 건물형 및 노천형·················································· 334
2. 차이티야굴 불탑의 양식 변천············································ 339
1) 복발(Anda, 覆鉢)························································ 340
2) 난간········································································· 343
3) 탑두부 (하르미카와 층단받침, 산간, 일산)························· 349

5장 인도의 불탑
1. 중인도 불탑·································································· 361
1) 마디아 프라데시주Madhya Pradesh····································· 362
2) 우타르 프라데시주Uttar Pradesh와 네팔······························· 365
3) 비하르주Bihar······························································ 371
2. 남인도 불탑·································································· 378
3. 북인도 불탑·································································· 389
4. 동인도ㆍ서인도ㆍ방글라데시 불탑·········································· 393
5. 인도 불탑의 특징···························································· 399
1) 중인도 불탑의 특징······················································ 399

6장 간다라의 불탑
1. 파키스탄 불탑······························································· 413
1) 페샤와르Peshwar 지역···················································· 413
2) 탁실라Taxila 지역························································· 417
3) 스와트Swat 지역·························································· 427
2. 아프가니스탄Afghanistan 불탑············································· 432
3. 중앙아시아 불탑···························································· 438
1) 우즈베키스탄······························································ 438
2) 카자흐스탄Kazakhstan, 키르기스스탄Kyrgyzstan,
타지키스탄Tajikstan 불탑················································ 442
4. 신장웨이우얼新疆維吾爾自治區 불탑······································· 444
5. 간다라 불탑의 특징과 변천··············································· 451
1) 간다라 불탑의 특징······················································ 451
2) 간다라 불탑의 형식······················································ 461
3) 간다라 불탑의 변천······················································ 472
맺음말··············································································· 475
참고문헌············································································ 481
도판목록············································································ 494
표목록··············································································· 499

불탑은 석존의 사리가 봉안된 사리탑인 것은 더 말할 필요가 없다. 그런데 석존의 열반 이전에 죽은 제자, 사리불이나 목건련의 스투파는 석존의 불탑보다 먼저 만들어진 것이기에 그들의 스투파도 불탑으로 불릴 수 있다. 과거불로 부르는 것은 분명치 않지만, 만약 실존한다면 그들의 탑은 석존의 불탑에 선행하는 불탑이 된다. 또는 홀로 깨달은 자를 의미하는 벽지불(?支佛)의 탑도 마찬가지이고, 석존 제세 시에 세워졌다는 머리카락을 봉안한 발탑(髮塔), 손톱을 봉안한 조탑(爪塔)의 예도 있다. 그렇지만 일반적으로는 석존의 불탑이 최초이며 그것을 모방하여 다른 탑이 만들어진 것으로 알려진다. 과연 불탑 이전에 다른 불탑이 존재했을까?
-1장 「고대인도印度와 불탑」 중에서

‘스투파’라는 용어는 불교에서만 사용된다. 이 문제에 대해서는 아쉽게도 현재로서는 알 수 없다. 단지 스투파라는 용어가 ‘베다’에 나타남으로써 불교이전에 존재했음을 알 수 있고 불교 측에서 사용하게 된 용어임을 추정할 뿐이다. (...) 스투파 즉 불탑佛塔은 건립됨으로써 공경하는 사람들의 다양한 생각 속에 살아 숨쉬며, 불탑 자체가 여러 가지의 의미를 내포한 하나의 상징을 나타내는 복합체라고 할 수 있다.
-2장 「건축물로서의 불탑」 중에서

2세기경 출가자들도 불탑 숭배에 동참하는 것이 명문을 통해 확인된다. 아소카왕 대 이후 불탑에 대한 숭배가 현실적으로 이루어지면서도 그때까지 불탑 숭배에 대한 불교 교단의 자세가 정립되지 않아 각각의 불교 교단에서 갈등이 발생했음을 짐작할 수 있다.
대표적인 예로 대중부 계통에서는 ‘탑 숭배는 과果가 적고’, 설일체유부(說一切有部) 계통에서는 ‘탑원에 대한 시주는 공덕의 과가 적으며 석존에게 시주하는 것보다 스님에게 시주하는 편이 더욱 큰 과가 있다’라고 하며 자신들의 이익이 되지 않는 불탑 숭배를 적극적으로 하지 않았다. 그런데 우바새와 우바이가 석굴사원의 불탑 시주에 적극적으로 참여를 한다는 것은 사상이나 수행환경 등 변화가 나타나는 것을 암시해주고 있다.
불탑 숭배는 재가자 및 출가자들과 교단 측에게 불교의 중요한 예배 의식으로 정착되어 갔다. 석굴사원에서도 초기에는 ‘말발굽형’ 차이티야굴이 다수 개착되다가 2세기 이후 ‘방형’ 차이티야굴이 일반적으로 개착된다. 한편 차이티야굴 내부에 스님의 거주처인 독방이 개착되고 이후 다수의 독방이 개착된 비하라굴 내부에 예배용 불탑이 봉안되기에 이른 것이다.
-3장 「인도불교 석굴사원」 중에서