Dokdo 1947

Preface

Introduction
1 The San Francisco Peace Conference and the Dokdo Issue
1) The San Francisco Peace Conference as the source of the postwar Dokdo issue
2) Disclosure of US diplomatic documents and new approaches to the study of the Dokdo issue
2 Perspective, Composition, and References Related to the Study
1) The Dokdo issue as part of the tripartite relations between Korea, the US, and Japan
2) The events of 1947 and their significance

Chapter 1 Korea’s Perception of Dokdo: Exploration of Dokdo (1947) and Bombing of Dokdo (1948)
1 From Dokdo to Seoul: Reenactment of the 1905 “Invasion”
1) Dokdo crisis: Unlawful encroachment and shooting incident by Japanese fishermen
2) Seoul’s response: Combination of the Dokdo incident and relaxation of the MacArthur Line
2 Exploration of Ulleungdo and Dokdo by the Interim Government and Corean Alpine Club (1947)
1) Organization of the Survey Committee by the Interim Government
2) Joining forces with the Corean Alpine Club
3) First Dokdo survey
3 Legacies of the 1947 Dokdo Survey
1) Debriefing session, exhibition, and survey reports
2) Coverage by newspapers and magazines
3) Emergence of major concepts, discussion points and perceptions about Dokdo
4 Parangdo and Tsushima Regarded as One Issue
1) Parangdo: Worries of another Japanese invasion attempt
2) Interim Legislative Assembly: Participation in the peace conference with Japan and the reversion of Tsushima
5 1948 Bombing of Dokdo
1) Bombing incident over Dokdo
2) Investigation by USAFIK and CINCFE
3) Claims review and compensation
4) Facts of the bombing incident and points of dispute
6 Recognition of Dokdo among the Koreans in 1948
1) Public consensus: Dokdo as Korean territory
2) Petition by the Patriotic Old Men’s Association: Regarding Dokdo, Parangdo, and Tsushima as one issue

Chapter 2 Japan’s Preparations for the Peace Treaty and Perception of Dokdo (1945~50): Dokdo and Ulleungdo as Japanese Territory
1 Preparations by the Japanese Government for the Peace Treaty (1945~1950)
1) The Executive Committee for Research on a Peace Treaty (November 1945 to May 1947): Launch of peace treaty preparations
2) Establishment of an Executive Committee for Coordination between Ministries for a Peace Treaty (May 1947) and discussion on general principles by the Japanese government
3) Start of negotiations with the Allied Powers (July 1947) and establishment of the Policy Review Committee
4) Review of the peace treaty formula: Reverse course and de facto peace policy (1948)
5) Choice of a “separate peace” and “majority peace” (1949~1950)
2 Japan’s Preparation and Lobbying on Territorial Issues
1) The Japanese Foreign Ministry’s preparations on territorial issues
2) Were there lobbying activities for territorial interests?
3 Maneuvering by the Japanese Foreign Ministry in 1947: Drafting of a Pamphlet to Publicize Dokdo and Ulleungdo as Japanese Territory
1) Publication of the “Minor Islands Adjacent to Japan Proper” series by the Japanese Foreign Ministry
2) The Japanese Foreign Ministry’s announcement of Dokdo and Ulleungdo as Japan’s annexed islands
3) Origin of the Japanese Foreign Ministry’s perception of Dokdo in 1947

Chapter 3 The US Draft Treaty of Peace with Japan and Its Relation to Dokdo (1947-1951)
1 The Peace Conference and Peace Treaty with Japan
1) Formulation and finalization of the Peace Treaty with Japan
2) Evolution of the draft treaty of peace with Japan
2 Dokdo in the Draft Treaties of the US Department of State, Part I (1946-1947): The Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo) under Korean sovereignty
1) Establishment of Working Group on Japan Treaty in 1946
2) Draft treaty of the Working Group on Japan Treaty during the period 1947-1948
3) Dokdo in the draft treaties of 1949
3 Dokdo in the Draft Treaties of the US Department of State, Part II (1949-1950): Sebald’s Posturing
1) Sebald’s review of the draft treaty and his insistence that the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo) be placed under Japanese jurisdiction
2) Request by the US Ambassador to Korea for Korea to be a party to the treaty
3) Change of ownership of Dokdo (Late 1949-1950)
4 Dokdo in the Draft Treaties of the US Department of State, Phase III (1950-1951): Dokdo-related Provisions Deleted
1) John Foster Dulles and the crafting of a new draft treaty
2) Draft treaty of August 7, 1950: Japanese territorial clauses under the Potsdam Declaration discarded
3) Draft treaty of September 11, 1950: Revised draft treaty
4) The “Seven Points” Proposal on the Japanese Peace Treaty of September 11, 1950: Territorial clauses deleted
5) Provisional memorandum of February 9, 1951 (initialed by the US and Japan)
6) Provisional draft treaty of March 1951 (official draft treaty sent to the Allied Powers)
5 The Formulation of Joint Anglo-American Draft Treaties and the Final Treaty (1951)
1) The first joint Anglo-American draft treaty of May 3, 1951: Sent to the British Commonwealth countries
2) The second Anglo-American draft treaty of June 14, 1951: Exclusion of Korea from Allied Power status and the abandonment of the Allied Powers’ war-time provisions on Japanese territory
3) The third joint Anglo-American draft treaty of July 3 and July 20, 1951: Sent to all countries involved
4) Final draft treaty of August 13, 1951

Chapter 4 British Draft Treaties of Peace with Japan and Anglo-American Consultations (1951)
1 Confirmation of Korea’s Sovereignty over Dokdo in the British Draft Treaties (March 1951)
1) The UK’s formulation of a draft treaty of peace with Japan
2) Korea-related provisions in the British draft treaty
3) Characteristics of the British map / Korean sovereignty over Dokdo reaffirmed
2 Anglo-American Consultations of 1951 and Discussions on Terri-torial Issues
1) Consultations of March 1951
2) The first Anglo-American talks (April 25-May 4, 1951) including discussions on Korea’s participation in the peace treaty settlement and territorial issues
3) The second series of Anglo-American meetings (June 2-14, 1951) and the decision to exclude Korea altogether from participation in the treaty

Chapter 5 US-Japan Negotiations (1951)
1 The First Visit to Japan by Dulles in 1951 and Major US-Japan Treaty-Related Agreements
1) Japan’s preparations for the Seven Principles of the Treaty with Japan (November 1950 to January 1951)
2) Dulles’ first visit (January to February 1951) and the de facto initialing of principal treaties
3) The Japanese government’s reply to the US Provisional Draft of March 1951 on April 4, 1951
2 Dulles’ Second Visit to Japan in 1951 and Japan’s Opposition to Korea’s Participation
1) Dulles’ intentions vs. Japan’s intentions
2) US-Japan discussion on the UK draft treaty and the Dokdo issue
3) Japan’s opposition to Korea’s participation and false accusations

Chapter 6 The Korean Government’s Response to the Treaty of Peace with Japan and Korea-US Negotiations (1951)
1 The Korean Government’s Preparations for the Peace Treaty from 1948 to 1950
1) Four items on the agenda: reparations, participation in the treaty, territorial issues, and the MacArthur Line
2) The MacArthur Line at issue
2 Provisional Draft Made Available to Korea (March 1951) and the Korean Government’s First Reply (April 27, 1951)
1) Diplomatic efforts in Washington and Tokyo
2) Seoul’s response: Establishment of the Foreign Affairs Committee
3) The Korean Government’s first reply (April 27, 1951) and request for the return of Tsushima
4) The US Department of State comments (May 9, 1951)
3 The US-UK Draft of July 1951 and the Korean Government’s Response
1) Denial of Korea’s status as a signatory by the US (July 9, 1951)
2) The Korean government’s second reply (July 19, 1951)
3) Korea-US dialogue (July 19, 1951) and the issue of Dokdo and Parangdo
4 US Department of State Research on Dokdo and Parangdo and Its Conclusion
1) Review by Samuel Boggs of Dokdo as Korean territory
2) The Korean Government’s third reply (August 2, 1951)
3) The Rusk Letter (August 10, 1951) and conclusion of Korea-US negotiations
4) Significance and limits of the Rusk Letter
5 Korea’s Participation in the San Francisco Peace Treaty in an Informal Capacity

Chapter 7 Invisible Battle: Prelude to the Dispute over Dokdo and Actions taken by Korea, the United States, and Japan
1 Korea: The Peace Line and Expedition to Parangdo and Dokdo
1) Dokdo inside the Peace Line
2) 1952 Dokdo expedition by the Corea Alpine Club and the Dokdo bombing incidents
3) 1953 Dokdo expedition by the Corea Alpine Club and erection of a territorial signpost
2 Japan: Propaganda and Stratagem
1) Propaganda of 1951: Japanese claims of sovereignty over Dokdo
2) Japan’s stratagem in the period 1952-1953: Designation and release of Dokdo as a bombing rang
3) Mid-1953: Japanese encroachment on Dokdo and installation of Japanese signposts
3 The United States: From Active Intervention to a Position of Neutrality
1) Disparate views in Busan, Tokyo, and Washington in 1952
2) The responses of Korea and Japan to the release of Dokdo as a bombing range in 1953
3) Request for intervention by the US Embassy in Tokyo and Dulles’ declaration of neutrality

Bibliography
Index
Index of Names
Index of Place Names
List of Figures & Tables