중앙아시아 체제전환 연대기

제1장 들어가는 말
1. 중앙아시아 5개 체제전환국 개황 ·················································· 11
2. 체제전환 방식 ··········································································13
3. 체제전환 정책 30년이 남긴 흔적 ···················································15

제2장 카자흐스탄 개황 및 체제전환 연대기
1. 카자흐스탄 개황 ·······································································19
2. 카자흐스탄의 이슈와 쟁점 ···························································22
1) 수도 이전(알마티→아스타나) ···················································22
2) 2022년 1월 시위 ····································································30
3) 2020~2021년의 민족 분쟁/갈등 ··················································33
3. 카자흐스탄 체제전환 연대기 ························································38
1) 소련 내 카자흐스탄공화국 시기( ~ 1991년 11월) ····························38
2) 나자르바예프(N.Nazarbayev) 집권기(1991년 12월 ~ 2019년 3월) ········39
(1) 집권 Ⅰ기(1991년 12월 ~ 1999년 1월) / 39
(2) 집권 Ⅱ기(1999년 1월 ~ 2006년 1월) / 46
(3) 집권 Ⅲ기(2006년 1월 ~ 2011년 4월) / 56
(4) 집권 Ⅳ기(2011년 4월 ~ 2015년 4월) / 61
(5) 집권 Ⅴ기(2015년 4월 ~ 2019년 3월) / 66
3) 토카예프(K-J.Tokayev) 집권기(2019년 3월 ~ 현재) ·························70
(1) 집권 Ⅰ기(2019년 6월 ~ 2022년 11월) / 70
(2) 집권 Ⅱ기(2022년 11월 ~ 현재) / 74

제3장 우즈베키스탄 개황 및 체제전환 연대기
1. 우즈베키스탄 개황 ·····································································75
2. 우즈베키스탄의 이슈와 쟁점 ························································78
1) 우즈베키스탄의 면화산업과 목화밭 강제노동 ······························78
2) 우즈베키스탄의 국경분쟁 ·······················································102
(1) 우즈베키스탄-키르기스스탄 국경 분쟁, / 102
(2) 우즈베키스탄과 타지키스탄 간 국경갈등과 로군댐(Rogun Dam) 분쟁 / 110
3. 우즈베키스탄 체제전환 연대기 ··················································· 122
1) 소련 내 우즈베키스탄공화국 시기의 개혁정책( ~ 1991년 12월) ········ 122
2) 카리모프(I.Karimov) 대통령 집권기(1991년 12월 ~ 2016년 9월 사망)·····123
(1) 카리모프(Karimov) 집권 Ⅰ기(1991년 12월 ~ 2000년 1월) / 123
(2) 카리모프(Karimov) 집권 Ⅱ기(2000년 1월 ~ 2007년 12월) / 135
(3) 카리모프(Karimov) 집권 Ⅲ기(2007년 12월 ~ 2015년 3월) / 149
(4) 카리모프(Karimov) 집권 Ⅳ기(2015년 3월 ~ 2016년 9월 사망) / 166
3) 미르지요예프(S.Mirziyoyev) 집권기(2016년 9월 ~ 현재) ··················169
(1) 미르지요예프 집권 Ⅰ기(2016년 9월 ~ 2021년 11월) / 169
(2) 미르지요예프 집권 Ⅱ기(2021년 11월 ~ 현재) / 184

제4장 키르기스스탄 개황 및 체제전환 연대기
1. 키르기스스탄 개황 ····································································185
2. 키르기스스탄의 이슈와 쟁점 ·······················································189
1) 키르기스스탄의 국민투표와 정치시스템 변화 ······························189
2) 2021년 4월 키르기스스탄과 타지키스탄의 국경분쟁 ······················216
3. 키르기스스탄 체제전환 연대기 ··················································· 236
1) 아카예프(A.Akayev) 집권기(1990.10~2005.3.24 축출) ···················· 236
(1) 아카예프(Akayev) 집권 Ⅰ기(1990.10~1995.12) / 236
(2) 아카예프(Akayev) 집권 Ⅱ기(1995.12~2000.10) / 240
(3) 아카예프(Akayev) 집권 Ⅲ기(2000.10~2005.3월 축출) / 244
2) 바키예프(K.Bakiyev) 집권기(2005.3~2010.4.7 축출) ······················· 248
(1) 바키예프(Bakiyev) 집권 Ⅰ기(2005.7 ~ 2009.7) / 248
(2) 바키예프(Bakiyev) 집권 Ⅱ기(2009.7~2010.4 축출) / 253
3) 오툰바예바(R.Otunbayeva) 집권기(2010.4~ 2011.12) ······················ 254
4) 아탐바예프(A.Atambayev) 집권기(2011.12~2017.11) ······················ 258
5) 젠베코프(S.Jeenbekov) 집권기(2017.11~2020.10) ··························· 275
6) 자파로프(S.Japarov) 대통령 권한대행기(2020.10~2020.11.14) ··········· 280
7) 마미토프(T.Mamytov) 집권기(2020.11~ 2020.12) ····························281
8) 자파로프(S.Japarov) 집권기(2021.1 ~ 현재) ································· 282

제5장 투르크메니스탄 개황 및 체제전환 연대기
1. 투르크메니스탄 개황 ································································ 283
2. 투르크메니스탄의 이슈와 쟁점 ··················································· 288
1) 투르크메니스탄의 대외정책과 영세중립국 외교의 성과 ················· 288
2) 2022년 3월 대통령 선거, 아버지로부터 아들로 권력이양 ·················311
3) 다쇼구즈(Dashoguz) 주(州)에서 목화 수확 시작 ···························316
3. 투르크메니스탄 체제전환 연대기 ·················································318
1) 니야조프(S.Niyazov) 집권기(독립전후~2006.12.21 서거) ··················318
(1) 니야조프(S.Niyazov) 집권Ⅰ기 (~ 1992.6) / 318
(2) 니야조프(S.Niyazov) 집권Ⅱ기 (1992.6~2006.12.21 서거) / 320
2) 베르디무하메도프(G.Berdimuhamedov) 집권기(2006.12~ 2022.3) ······ 337
(1) 베르디무하메도프(G.Berdimuhamedov) 집권Ⅰ기(2007.2~2012.2) / 337
(2) 베르디무하메도프(G.Berdimuhamedov) 집권Ⅱ기(2012.2~2017.2) / 343
(3) 베르디무하메도프(G.Berdimuhamedov) 집권Ⅲ기(2017.2~2022.3) / 348
3) 베르디무하메도프(S.Berdimuhamedov)집권기(2022.3~현재) ············ 352

제6장 타지키스탄 개황 및 체제전환 연대기
1. 타지키스탄 개황 ······································································ 357
2. 타지키스탄의 이슈와 쟁점 ························································· 362
1) 타지키스탄의 역대 대통령 선거와 라흐몬(E.Rahmon)의 장기 집권 ··· 362
2) 타지키스탄의 국경분쟁 ························································· 383
(1) 타지키스탄-우즈베키스탄 분쟁 / 383
(2) 2021년 4~5월의 타지키스탄-키르기스스탄 국경분쟁 / 383
3. 타지키스탄 체제전환 연대기 ······················································ 386
1) 마흐카모프(Q.Mahkamov) 집권기(1990.11~1991.8) ························ 386
2) 나비예프(R.Nabiyev) 집권기(1991.9~1992.10) ····························· 387
3) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권기(1992.11~현재) ···································· 389
(1) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅰ기(1992.11~1994.11, 최고소비에트 의장) / 389
(2) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅱ기(1994.11~1999.11) / 391
(3) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅲ기(1999.11~2006.11) / 396
(4) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅳ기(2006.11~2013.11) / 404
(5) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅴ기(2013.11~2020.10) / 417
(6) 라흐몬(E.Rahmon) 집권Ⅵ기(2020.10~현재) / 429

제7장 끝맺는 말. 30년간의 체제전환 정책이 남긴 흔적
1. 정치시스템 영역에서의 체제전환과 장기집권, 그리고 권위주의 정치시스템 구축 ····························································································432
2. 시장경제 시스템 도입과 거시경제지표 변화 ··································· 436
1) 중앙아시아 5개국 전체의 거시경제지표 변화 ······························ 436
2) 중앙아시아 개별국가의 거시경제지표 변화 ································ 443
3. 체제전환과 사회문화 영역의 변화 ··············································· 462