사물의 역습

서문······················································· 8

01 테크놀로지, 테크닉 그리고 우리의 몸

테크놀로지는 테크닉이다? ······························· 30
몸의 테크닉: 마르셀 모스 ······························· 33
보행 테크닉 ··········································· 36
자동화와 테크닉의 역습 ································· 39
테크놀로지가 필요 없는 테크닉 ··························· 44
스포츠와 테크닉의 최전선 ······························· 45
테크놀로지와 테크닉의 조화 ····························· 48
점수 따기 ············································· 52
옛것을 위한 새로운 근육 ································ 55
좋은 자세와 더 좋은 재료 ································ 58
테크닉과 혁신 ········································· 61

02 젖병, 태어나 가장 먼저 접하는 테크놀로지

자연스러움을 추구하는 기교와 인공적이고자 하는 의지 ······· 69
젖병의 탄생과 부작용 ··································· 72
유아용 식품의 발전 ····································· 78
젖병의 세계화와 반대 세력 ······························· 83
균형 잡힌 건강을 꾀하다 ································ 87
젖병의 미래 ··········································· 93

03 조리, 단순한 디자인과 실용성으로 전 세계를 홀리다

맨발의 힘 ············································ 103
발을 더 건강하게 ······································ 106
샌들: 고대의 섬세함 ··································· 108
샌들: 일본식 검소함 ··································· 111
조리의 확산: 이민, 전쟁 그리고 평화 ····················· 114
새로운 환태평양 샌들 ·································· 117
세계로 행진하는 조리 ·································· 121
스타일의 이면 ········································ 123

04 운동화, 활동적인 삶을 이끈 신발의 혁명

느린 시간, 빠른 시간, 힘든 시간 ························ 130
신발 없이 달리다 ······································ 133
보행자부터 마라톤 선수까지 ···························· 135
스니커의 시대 ········································ 138
텔레비전과 신발 ······································ 145
신발의 중심부 ········································ 151
탈근대적 성숙기 ······································ 157
늙어가는 신발 ········································ 159

05 업무용 의자, 인류의 앉는 자세를 바꾸다

동양의 좌식 문화 ······································ 167
서양식 앉는 자세 ······································ 173
자세의 시대 ·········································· 176
피로와의 싸움 ········································ 179
자세의 미국화 ········································ 183
인체 공학에 눈뜨다 ···································· 189
인체 공학의 비약적인 발전 ······························ 194
유연한 의자 ·········································· 198

06 안락의자, 건강을 위한 도구가 비만의 상징이 되다

침대를 책상으로 ······································ 206
건강을 위한 기대앉기 ·································· 210
휴식의 에티켓 ········································ 213
기대앉기의 기계화 ····································· 215
모리스 체어의 시대 ···································· 218
유럽식과 미국식 기대앉기 ······························ 221
두 세계 사이에서: 안톤 로렌츠 ·························· 225
바카로운저의 등장 ····································· 228
피로와 휴식 ·········································· 231
안락의자의 발전과 부작용 ······························ 233
로렌츠의 죽음과 안락의자 시장의 성숙 ···················· 237

07 음악 건반, 복잡한 수공예품에서 대중적인 악기로

오르간에서 피아노로 ··································· 244
현대적 피아노 ········································ 251
자동 피아노의 등장 ···································· 255
새로운 건반을 향한 시도 ······························· 260
테크놀로지가 건반을 보존하다 ··························· 267
건반의 세계화 ········································ 271
앞에 놓인 길 ········································· 276

08 텍스트 자판 , 효율적인 필기법과 여성 고용이라는 두 마리 토끼를 잡다

몸의 테크닉으로써의 글쓰기 ···························· 284
문자 피아노에서 타자기까지 ···························· 290
테크놀로지에 어울리는 테크닉을 찾다 ···················· 298
박제되어버린 기술과 비평가들 ··························· 302
문화적 변화 ·········································· 309

09 안경, 인쇄 매체 발달이 낳은 위대한 산물

안경 이전의 시대 ······································ 320
왜 유리인가? ········································· 322
존엄하고도 어리석은 안경 ······························ 326
과학과 안경 ·········································· 330
인공적인 도구를 수용하다 ······························ 333
독서 열풍과 근시 ······································ 336
자랑스러운 보조 기구로 떠오르다 ······················· 341
안경과 대중의 취향 ···································· 345
근시의 복수 ·········································· 350

10 헬멧, 부상을 막는 군사 도구가 자존감까지 키워주다

머리를 보호하다 ······································ 357
중세를 풍류한 헬멧 ···································· 363
헬멧의 위엄과 몰락 ···································· 367
사용자 맞춤형 헬멧 ···································· 370
외두개골의 귀환 ······································ 372
안전모의 인기 ········································ 378
오토바이 헬멧을 쓴 아이들 ······························ 384

후기····················································· 393
권장 도서 ················································ 402

반면 고무, 플라스틱, 실리콘 젖꼭지의 기능은 각기 다르며, 이는 유아가 터득하는 수유 테크닉에 영향을 미친다. 가령 젖병에 달린 인공 젖꼭지를 물면 입으로만 빨아도 우유가 나오므로 턱을 사용할 필요가 없다. 유아가 덜 노력해도 배고픔을 해결할 수 있으므로 무척 효율적이다. 그렇기 때문에 태어난 직후나 모유 수유를 하기 전 보조 수단으로라도 젖병으로 수유를 시작한 유아는 이 쉬운 방식을 포기하기가 어렵다. 이 경우 유아는 모유 수유를 해도 본능적으로 입을 크게 벌리지 않고 혀를 앞으로 내밀면서 입으로만 젖꼭지를 빨려고 한다. 턱으로 물지도 않고 혀를 연동시키기도 않으니 자연히 젖이 잘 나오지 않는다. 02 젖병, 태어나 가장 먼저 접하는 테크놀로지-<젖병의 탄생과 부작용>

산업 사회의 사람들은 신발의 보호 없이 발바닥이 외부에 노출되면 금방 상처를 입을 거라고 생각했다. 그러나 발이 이렇게 민감해진 것은 애초에 신발을 신어서다. 맨발로 일주일 정도 생활하면 발에 두꺼운 보호막이 형성되는데, 이 보호막은 일반적인 굳은살과는 달리 발과 땅이 직접적으로 닿을 때 느껴지는 만족감을 차단하지 않으면서 발을 보호한다. 오늘날에도 10억 이상의 인구가 여전히 맨발로 생활하며 이들 중 일부는 매우 거친 환경에서 살아가지만 발에 상처를 입지 않는다. 이를테면 멕시코 바하 칼리포르니아 반대편에 위치한 소노라 해변의 세리족은 발바닥에 튼튼한 ‘세리 부츠’가 생길 때까지 모래로 단련한다. 이들은 콩고의 거친 언덕 지형을 맨발로 다니는 터라 발바닥 전체에 각질이 두껍게 형성되어 있어 달아오른 숯 위를 걸어도 아픔을 느끼지 않는다. 03 조리, 단순한 디자인과 실용성으로 전 세계를 홀리다-<맨발의 힘>

피렌체뿐만 아니라 이탈리아 전역의 도시와 수도원에서 안경 사업이 번영하던 시기와 제지 공장과 인쇄소가 유럽 전역으로 퍼지던 시기가 일치하는 것은 그저 우연에 불과할까? 인쇄된 매체와 안경은 동일한 시장을 대상으로 한다. 즉 성직자, 평신도, 서기, 학생, 상인, 장인 등 독서를 비롯한 세심한 작업에 매진하는 사람들이 그 대상이다. 1340년에도 피렌체에서는 6세부터 13세까지의 어린이 중에 절반이 학교에 다녔고, 15세기 말에는 프랑스 발랑시엔 지방 사람 중 70퍼센트가 글을 읽었다. 그중 책을 소유한 사람은 극소수였으며, 이들은 종종 책을 안경과 한 쌍으로 생각했다. 09 안경, 인쇄 매체 발달이 낳은 위대한 산물-<왜 유리인가?>