다시읽는 인도사 108장면

개정판 서문 ································································································ 5
1. 돌을 사용하며 살던 사람들 ··································································· 15
2. 목욕탕과 하수도가 있는 도시에 살았던 인더스 사람들 ·························· 20
3. 인더스 문명은 왜 아직도 미스터리인가. ················································ 30
4. 말을 타고 온 사람들: 아리아인의 민족 이동 ··········································· 34
5. 굴러온 돌이 박힌 돌 밀어내기: 아리아인들과 토착민들의 싸움 ············· 38
6. 베다(Veda)가 만들어진 시대 ································································· 43
7. 사회의 중심 세력이 된 브라만들 ··························································· 47
8. 카스트제도의 원형 바르나 ···································································· 51
9. 인도의 창조신화 ··················································································· 57
10. 무리지어 살아가는 모습 ····································································· 62
11. 작은 나라 큰 나라: 영역 정하기 ··························································· 66
12. 새로운 생각이 일어나다 ····································································· 72
13. 벌레도 죽이지 말자: 자이나교 ····························································· 76

14. 천상천하 유아독존: 불교 ····································································· 81
15. 상인들은 왜 불교와 자이나교를 지지했는가 ······································· 87
16. 전쟁에서 반드시 이겨야 한다: 브라흐만교의 왕권 사상 ······················· 92
17. 분쟁 해결을 위해 필요한 중재자: 불교의 왕권 사상 ····························· 96
18. 알렉산더의 발걸음 ··········································································· 101
19. 이제는 하나가 되자: 마우리아 왕조 건설 ··········································· 106
20. 고대 인도의 정치 경제학: 아르타샤스트라 ········································ 110
21. 생각 모으기 ······················································································ 115
22. 백성들에게 부채를 갚는 왕 아쇼카 ···················································· 122
23. 왜 마우리아 제국의 역사는 그리도 짧은가 ········································· 128
24. 인도인들의 생각이 궁금한 왕: 밀린다 ················································ 133
25. 카니슈카 왕과 불교결집 ···································································· 138
26. 모계제 풍속이 강했던 사타바하나 왕조 ············································· 144
27. 함께 가세 저 언덕으로: 대승불교 운동 ··············································· 150
28. 간다라에 꽃핀 불교미술 ···································································· 156
29. 인도인들의 종교: 힌두교 ··································································· 161
30. 힌두교도의 윤리 규범서: 마누법전 ···················································· 166
31. 꺼지지 않는 통일의 불꽃: 굽타 왕조 ··················································· 174
32. 꽃피는 힌두 문화 ··············································································· 180
33. 힌두교와 불교의 한판 승부 ································································ 187
34. 법현과 현장은 왜 인도에 왔을까 ························································ 192
35. 동남아로 퍼져나간 인도 문화 ···························································· 198
36. 고대사의 막을 내리는 훈족 ································································ 203
37. 왕족의 후예들(Rajputs) ····································································· 206
38. 다단계 지배체제 ··············································································· 211
39. 인도로 달려오는 사막의 후손들 ························································ 215
40. 인도에 터를 닦는 이슬람교: 델리술탄 ················································ 219
41. 굴러온 돌도 박힌 돌이 될 수 있다: 바부르 ·········································· 226
42. 셋째 왕들은 현군일 수밖에 없는 것인가: 아크바르 ···························· 230
43. 세금을 내기 위해 금화를 구하는 농민들 ············································ 235
44. 왕비에 대한 사랑이 넘치는 시대: 자한기르와 샤자한 ························· 240
45. 인도 최대의 영토를 차지한 왕: 아우랑제브 ········································ 248
46. 데칸고원을 휩쓰는 들쥐: 마라타족 ···················································· 255
47. 영혼을 울리는 아름다운 시를 쓴 카비르 ············································ 260
48. 새로운 종교를 만들다: 시크교 ··························································· 266
49. 힌두와 무슬림은 함께 살 수 없었을까? ·············································· 274
50. 간단히 정리해보는 인도 역사의 시대구분 ········································· 279
51. 인도의 캘리컷에 도착한 바스코 다 가마 ············································ 288
52. 남의 나라에서 싸우는 사람들: 영국과 프랑스 ···································· 295
53. 영어를 배우는 인도인들 ···································································· 301
54. 세포이는 무엇을 했는가 ··································································· 306
55. 가장 편리한 통치 도구: 분리통치 ······················································· 312
56. 사회 개혁에 나선 단체들 ··································································· 318
57. 세계를 향한 인도의 목소리: 비베카난다 ············································ 323
58. 닻을 올린 국민회의 ·········································································· 329
59. ‘말’ 다툼으로 일어난 알리가르 운동 ·················································· 334
60. 벵골은 너무 크다 ··············································································· 340
61. 우리도 희망의 배를 띄우자: 무슬림연맹 ············································ 345
62. 따로 따로 선거하자 ··········································································· 350
63. 엘리트 운동에서 민중운동으로 ························································· 354
64. 여성을 위한, 여성에 의한 단체 ·························································· 359
65. 금식 기도에 놀라는 영국 ··································································· 367
66. 힌두와 무슬림의 악수: 킬라파트 운동 ················································ 372
67. 검은 깃발의 물결 ··············································································· 377
68. 모틸랄 네루와 진나가 그린 청사진 ···················································· 383
69. 물 마실 권리를 위해 투쟁하는 암베드까르 ········································· 390
70. 독립기념일 제정 ··············································································· 396
71. 간디가 집어 올린 한 줌의 소금 ·························································· 400
72. 시인 이크발의 연설 ··········································································· 405
73. 런던으로 모여라 ··············································································· 409
74. 간디의 단식은 야비했다 ···································································· 414
75. 완성된 새로운 인도 통치법 ································································ 420
76. 또 다시 인도로 불어온 세계대전의 강풍 ············································ 425
77. 파키스탄의 깃발을 세우는 진나 ························································ 430
78. 이제 그만 물러가시오 ······································································· 436
79. 간디가 진나를 찾아가다 ···································································· 441
80. 애증의 강을 건너다 ··········································································· 445
81. 동방의 등불을 노래한 타고르 ···························································· 451
82. 마지막 피 한 방울까지 인도의 독립을 위해! ······································· 456
83. 인도 공화국 헌법 공포 ······································································· 466
84. 영원한 이별, 인도와 파키스탄 ··························································· 470
85. 간디를 죽인 사람들 ··········································································· 474

86. 불교로 개종하는 암베드까르 ····························································· 481
87. 네루의 홀로 서기: 비동맹 외교 ·························································· 486
88. 잘 살아보세: 경제개발 5개년 계획 ····················································· 491
89. 다람살라에 망명정부를 세운 달라이 라마 ········································· 495
90. 이별 후에도 계속 되는 싸움 ······························································· 501
91. 독선적인 인디라 간디 ······································································· 506
92. 푸른 들판을 꿈꾸며 ··········································································· 512
93. 드라비다 독립운동 ··········································································· 517
94. 계속되는 작별 요청: 칼리스탄 ··························································· 522
95. 정치 무대에 오른 인디라 간디의 후손들 ············································ 529
96. 네루 가문에 도전한 BJP ····································································· 535
97. 힌두교를 국교로 만들고 싶은 사람들 ················································ 541
98. 고깔모자 같은 땅 카슈미르의 운명 ···················································· 547
99. 태풍의 눈이 된 람 신의 고향 ····························································· 554
100. 정치의 핵으로 떠오른 후진 계급 ······················································ 562
101. 캘커타 거리에서 기도 하는 마더 테레사 ········································· 568
102. 우리는 결혼하기에는 너무 어려요 ··················································· 572
103. 남편과 함께 불타는 여인 ································································· 577
104. 힘을 과시하다: 핵실험 ····································································· 586
105. 바뀌는 인도 이주민의 역사 ······························································ 592
106. 인도의 교육과 입시지옥 ·································································· 599
107. 코먼웰스(Commonwealth of Nations) ··········································· 604
108. 한국과 인도 ···················································································· 611
참고문헌 ································································································ 619
연표 ······································································································· 623

문명 시대라고 명명할 수 있는 지표 가운데 가장 중요한 것이 문자라고 해도 과언이 아니다. 유물이나 유적과 더불어 그 시대 사람들이 남겨 놓은 기록을 통해서 그 시대를 알 수 있는 시대가 역사시대이며, 문명 시대는 그 역사시대의 시작점이기 때문이다.
당대의 사람들이 파피루스에 써 놓은 글을 통해 이집트 문명에 대한 것을 알 수 있고, 갑골에 새겨 놓은 글을 통해 우리는 황하 문명에 대하여 알 수 있다. 인더스 문명 시대에도 분명히 문자가 사용되었고, 그들이 인장에 새겨 놓은 문자들이 있다. 그러나 우리는 그 문자들을 그저 구경할 수 있을 뿐이다. 파피루스의 글자들과 갑골의 글자들이 우리에게 말을 걸어오지만, 인장에 새겨진 인더스의 글자들은 우리에게는 아직 구경거리일 뿐, 말을 걸어오지 않고 침묵하고 있는 것이다. 유구무언(有口無言)이 아니라 유문무전(有文無傳), 즉 문자는 있으나 우리에게 그 의미를 전해주지 못
하고 있는 것이다.
그래서 일부 학자들은 인더스 문명을 역사시대로 분류하지 않고, 원사시대(原史時代: Protohistory)라고 부르기도 한다. 문자를 통해서 그 시대에 대해 알 수 있는 시대가 역사시대인데, 문자는 있으나 우리가 그 문자를 통해서 그 시대를 알 수는 없는 시대이기 때문에, 선사시대와 역사시대 중간에 놓인 시대라는 의미이다.
왜 다른 문명 지역의 문자와는 달리 인더스의 문자들은 아직 해독되지 못하고 있는 것일까. 여러 이유가 있는데 가장 중요한 것은 인더스 문명의 주인공들과 이후 역사의 주인공들이 다르다는 점이다. 현재 인도 역사의 주인공들은 인더스 문명 다음 단계에 등장한 사람들이다. 다시 말해서 인더스의 주역들은 다음 단계의 주역들에게 밀려 무대에서 내려갔고, 새로운 사람들이 무대에 등장하면서 역사적 단절이 생긴 것이다.